Terrorism and customary international law

K. Ambos, Anina Timmermann
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

The following chapter attempts to analyse if terrorism has become a crime under customary international law. We start with a brief look at the minimum requirements of customary law in general and its particularities regarding criminal law. It will be shown that there are several general concerns regarding the creation of criminal provision by custom, especially because of the inevitable vagueness of unwritten law and the ensuing conflict with the principle of legality (nullum crimen sine lege). We will then explain the different categories of international(ized) crimes distinguishing between the core and the treaty-based crimes. The second section will focus on the crime of terrorism. We will inquire into the relationship between terrorism and international criminal law and how it is affected by custom. Other international law aspects, intimately related to the current terrorism debate, such as state responsibility, the duty to prevent terrorism, state territory being used by terrorists, and the lawfulness of the use of force against terrorism, will not be treated. The gist of the issue is whether terrorism fulfils the decisive criteria of a true international crime, thereby making it possible to prosecute perpetrators globally, notwithstanding their protection by states. We will, on the basis of several international treaties, suggest a possible customary law definition of terrorism. We will conclude though that at the current state of international law, terrorism can only be qualified as a particularly serious transnational, treaty-based crime that is, at best, on the brink of becoming a true international crime but has not achieved this status yet.
恐怖主义和习惯国际法
下一章试图分析恐怖主义是否已成为习惯国际法下的一种罪行。我们首先简要介绍一下习惯法的一般最低要求及其在刑法方面的特殊性。本文将指出,对于习惯上的刑事规定有几个普遍的关切,特别是因为不成文法不可避免地含糊不清,因而与合法性原则(法无明文不为罪)相冲突。然后,我们将解释国际(化)犯罪的不同类别,区分核心犯罪和基于条约的犯罪。第二部分将重点讨论恐怖主义罪。我们将探讨恐怖主义与国际刑法之间的关系,以及它如何受到习俗的影响。与当前恐怖主义辩论密切相关的其他国际法方面,如国家责任、防止恐怖主义的义务、恐怖分子利用国家领土以及使用武力打击恐怖主义的合法性等,将不予讨论。问题的要点是,恐怖主义是否符合真正国际犯罪的决定性标准,从而有可能在全球范围内起诉犯罪者,尽管他们受到国家的保护。我们将在若干国际条约的基础上,对恐怖主义提出一个可能的习惯法定义。不过,我们的结论是,在目前的国际法状况下,恐怖主义只能被定性为一种特别严重的跨国、基于条约的犯罪,这种犯罪充其量即将成为一种真正的国际犯罪,但尚未达到这种地位。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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