Collective Health: Theory and Practice. Innovations From Latin America

Lígia Maria Vieira-da-Silva
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Throughout history, knowledge and practices on the health of populations have had different names: medical police, public health, social medicine, community health, and preventive medicine. To what extent is the Brazilian collective health, established in the 1970s, identified with and differentiated from these diverse movements that preceded it? The analysis of the socio-genesis of a social field allows us to identify the historical conditions that made possible both theoretical formulations and the achievement of technical and social practices. Collective health, a product of transformations within the medical field, constituted a rupture in relation to preventive medicine and public health and hygiene, being part of a social medicine movement in Latin America that, in turn, had identification with European social medicine in the 19th century. Focused on the development of a social theory of health that would support the process of sanitary reform, collective health has been built as a space involving several fields: scientific, bureaucratic, and political. Thus, it brought together health professionals and social scientists from universities, health care services, and social movements. Its scientific subfield has developed, and the sanitary reform project has had several successes related to the organization of a unified health system, which has ensured universal coverage for the population in Brazil. It has incorporated into and dialogued with several reformist movements in international public health, such as health promotion and the pursuit of health equity. Its small relative autonomy stems from subordination to other dominant fields and its dependence on the state and governments. However, its consolidation corresponded to the strengthening of a pole focused on the collective and universal interest, where health is not understood as a commodity, but as a right of citizenship.
集体健康:理论与实践。拉丁美洲的创新
纵观历史,关于人口健康的知识和实践有不同的名称:医疗警察、公共卫生、社会医学、社区卫生和预防医学。20世纪70年代建立的巴西集体健康在多大程度上与之前的这些不同运动相一致并有所区别?对一个社会领域的社会起源的分析使我们能够确定使理论构想和技术与社会实践的成就成为可能的历史条件。集体健康是医学领域变革的产物,它与预防医学、公共健康和卫生之间的关系出现了断裂,是拉丁美洲社会医学运动的一部分,而这一运动又与19世纪的欧洲社会医学相一致。集体卫生的重点是发展一种支持卫生改革进程的卫生社会理论,它被建立为一个涉及几个领域的空间:科学、官僚和政治。因此,会议汇集了来自大学、保健服务机构和社会运动的卫生专业人员和社会科学家。它的科学分支领域得到了发展,卫生改革项目在组织统一的保健系统方面取得了若干成功,这确保了巴西人口的普遍覆盖。它已纳入若干国际公共卫生改革运动,并与之进行对话,例如促进健康和追求卫生公平。其相对较小的自主权源于对其他主导领域的从属和对国家和政府的依赖。然而,它的巩固与注重集体和普遍利益的一极的加强相对应,在这一极中,健康不被理解为一种商品,而是一种公民权利。
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