Impact of Land-Use Land-Cover Changes on Ecosystem Services of Jammu and Kashmir, India

I. Bhat
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

The services of ecological land-use land-cover (LULC) changes, mostly unplanned, have emerged as one of the drastic problems the world is facing in recent times. These changes often manifest in the form of environmental/ ecosystem degradation, water shortage, declining food security and ecosystem service recession globally. One of the most dominant forces responsible for changing the global landscape includes the changes in LULC as prompted by a string of interconnected forces. The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the earth’s life-support system. These issues made us to conduct this study to primarily focus on various LULC changes and their impact on ecosystem services in Jammu & Kashmir, India by employing secondary data with effect from 1960-61 to 2020-21. It was observed that the most notable changes of land use were observed in the form of increase in farmland and a decline in grassland. In proportionate terms while the farmland has increased by 22.4 per cent, the grassland has lost 1.4 per cent of area (64000 ha). The study revealed that the major/valuable land-use classes i.e., farmland and forest provide more ecosystem services than other land classes like barren/built-up, grassland and lakes/water bodies etc. Furthermore, results revealed that forest land-use class generate appreciably higher ecosystem services values generating 84.5 per cent of total value from all different land-use classes during 2020. During the past over six-decade period, the total economic value on the whole has declined by 1.09 million dollars between 1960 and 2020. Meanwhile, the total economic value of farm land and marshy land increased by 0.44 and 0.28 million dollars, respectively on account of increase in area under these land types. The individual ecosystem service like soil generation and fertility followed by the gas regulation provides more ecosystem services than other. The LULC changes have been driven by various forces ranging from physical, socio-economic/demographic factors resulting in pressures on land with various environmental effects and their outcomes. The study outlines for implementation of holistic land-use planning through proper balancing of human needs with integration of sustainable ecosystems.
印度查谟和克什米尔地区土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响
生态土地利用-土地覆盖(LULC)变化的服务,大多是计划外的,已成为近年来世界面临的严重问题之一。这些变化通常表现为全球环境/生态系统退化、水资源短缺、粮食安全和生态系统服务衰退。改变全球格局的最主要力量之一包括由一系列相互关联的力量所推动的LULC的变化。生态系统的服务和产生这些服务的自然资本存量对地球生命维持系统的运作至关重要。基于这些问题,本研究采用1960-61年至2020-21年的二次数据,主要关注印度查谟和克什米尔地区的各种土地利用价值变化及其对生态系统服务的影响。土地利用变化最显著的是耕地面积增加,草地面积减少。按比例计算,耕地面积增加了22.4%,草地面积减少了1.4%(64000公顷)。研究发现,主要/有价值的土地利用类别(如农田和森林)比其他土地类别(如荒地/建成区、草地和湖泊/水体等)提供更多的生态系统服务。此外,结果显示,2020年,森林土地利用类型产生的生态系统服务价值明显更高,占所有不同土地利用类型总价值的84.5%。在过去的60多年里,从1960年到2020年,整个经济总值下降了109万美元。与此同时,由于耕地和沼泽土地面积的增加,其总经济价值分别增加了0.44亿美元和0.28亿美元。单独的生态系统服务,如土壤生成和肥力,随后的气体调节提供了更多的生态系统服务。土地利用价值变化受到各种力量的驱动,包括自然、社会经济/人口因素,这些因素对土地造成压力,并产生各种环境影响及其后果。该研究概述了通过适当平衡人类需求与可持续生态系统的整合来实施整体土地利用规划。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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