Assessing the impact of hard faults in performance components of modern microprocessors

Abstract

A growing portion of the silicon area of modern high-performance microprocessors is dedicated to components that increase performance but do not determine functional correctness. Permanent hardware faults in these components can lead to performance fluctuation (not necessarily degradation) and do not produce functional errors. Although this fact has been identified previously, extensive research has not yet been conducted to accurately classify and quantify permanent faults in these components over a set of CPU benchmarks or measure the magnitude of the performance impact. Depending on the results of such studies, performance-related components of microprocessors can be disabled in fine or coarse granularities, salvaging microprocessor functionality at different performance levels. This paper analyzes the impact of permanent faults in the arrays and control logic of key microprocessor performance components such as the branch predictor, branch target buffer, return address stack, and data and instruction prefetchers. We apply a statistically safe fault injection campaign for single faults in performance components on a modified version of the cycle-accurate x86 architectural simulator PTLsim running the SPEC CPU2006 suite. Our evaluation reveals significant differences in the effect of faults and their performance impacts across the components as well as within each component (different fields). We classify faults for all components and analyze their IPC impact in the arrays and control logic. Our analysis shows that a very large fraction (44% to 96%) of permanent faults in these components leads only to performance fluctuation. Observation confirms the intuition that there are no functionality errors; however, many cases of a single fault in a performance component can significantly degrade microprocessor performance (2-20%average IPC reduction for SPEC CPU2006).