筆談：同文異音下的東亞文化交流

Abstract

近代所謂漢字文化圈者，意謂在東亞區域之內諸國受中國文化之影響，舉凡儒學、佛教及技術等，皆由中國而向外傳至日、韓、琉及越南等，東亞諸國的文化交流的媒介自然是以漢字為主。 東亞交流雖自六朝開始，但當時並無官方語音的觀念，因此交流之時自以當時主流發音為主，而主流發音則隨政治、經濟形勢而變。六朝時以南方吳音為主流，唐時以河洛及西北方音為主流，南宋時則以蘇杭音為主流。 書寫文字雖同，但音調則有差異，這對其他諸國而言，也是有所困擾，音調雖有變化，但書寫則不變，筆談即是東亞交流中溝通的媒介。 明太祖所建立起朝貢制度，政治及經濟來往熱絡，朝鮮作為明朝與日本的紐帶，明、朝之間的燕行使與朝、日之間的通信使，交往之時大體透過筆談溝通。甚至越南與琉球、日本交往之時亦復透過筆談溝通。 筆談之事，少見於唐宋，入明則筆談的記錄頻率轉增，然則筆談出現的頻率則證諸東亞交流的狀況及文化交流的盛景，其事雖簡，其義則甚重大。  The so-called Chinese cultural circle in modern times means that all countries in the East Asian region are influenced by Chinese culture, and all Confucianism, Buddhism, and technology have been spread from China to Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and Vietnam, and other countries in East Asia. The medium of cultural exchange is naturally based on Chinese characters. Although the East Asia exchange started from the Six Dynasties, there was no concept of official speech at that time. Therefore, the main stream of pronunciation was mainly from the time when the exchange was made, and the mainstream pronunciation changed with the political and economic situation. At the time of the Six Dynasties, Wu Yin was the mainstream in the South. In the Tang Dynasty, Heluo and Northwestern were the mainstream. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Su Hang sound was the mainstream. Although the written words are the same, but the tones are different, this is also a nuisance to other countries. Although the tone changes, the writing remains the same. The pen talk is the medium of communication in East Asian communication. Ming Taizu established the tributary system, political and economic exchanges, North Korea as the ties between the Ming Dynasty and Japan, the Yan Dynasty between the Ming Dynasty and the DPRK to exercise communication with the DPRK and Japan, when the exchanges are generally communicated through the pen. Even when Vietnam communicates with Ryukyu and Japan, it communicates through pen talks. The things in pen talk are rare in the Tang and Song dynasties. The frequency of writing records in Ming Ming’s writings has increased. However, the frequency of conversations in writing has confirmed the status of exchanges in East Asia and the grand scene of cultural exchanges. Although the matter is simple, its significance is very significant.