A Historical Sketch of Buddhism in Tibet

Dan Smyer Yü, Sonam Wangmo
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Abstract

With the available historical Tibetan written records from late 8th century on and the existing scholarly works on Buddhism, this historical overview recounts how Buddhism was Tibetanized and how it became both the national religion of Tibet and a world religion spread to Inner Asia, East Asia, and other parts of the world. It also adds interpretive commentaries leading to more historical inquiries and suggestions for alternative historiographical approaches to the formation of Tibetan Buddhism, adopted from disciplines other than history of religion and Buddhist studies. An emphasis is placed on the significance of folk accounts that reveal “the geomythological reorientation” of Buddhist conversion in the historical Tibetan context not merely as an intellectual and doctrinal acceptance of Indian Buddhism but also as a symbiotic process in which Indian Buddhism and indigenous religious practices mutually transformed each other. The emergence of the different Buddhist schools in Tibet is also a result of the politics of the sect-specific powers throughout Tibetan history. It is thus essential to recognize the formation of the five schools also as a set of religio-political occurrences, particularly since the formation of Gelug (dGe lugs) School in the 15th century and later becoming a Gelug-based Tibetan polity in the 17th century. The Gelug School dominated Tibetan Buddhism, and successive Dalai Lamas ruled Tibet from the mid-17th to the mid-20th centuries. Given the regional and global status of Tibetan Buddhism, emphasis is placed on Tibetan Buddhism as a transregional religion in Inner Asia and later as a form of modern Buddhism since the middle of the 20th century. With these emphases, the historical overview presented here is intended to generate more scholarly discussions and inquiries into the history of Tibetan Buddhism in both monastic and lay spheres in and outside Tibet.
西藏佛教的历史概况
本文结合已有的8世纪末以来的藏文文字史料和现有的佛教学术著作,叙述了佛教是如何藏化的,以及佛教是如何成为西藏的国教,并传播到亚洲腹地、东亚和世界其他地区的。它还增加了解释性的注释,导致更多的历史调查和建议的替代历史编纂方法,以形成藏传佛教,采用了宗教历史和佛教研究以外的学科。重点放在民间记载的重要性上,这些记载揭示了西藏历史背景下佛教皈依的“地理神话重新定位”,这不仅是对印度佛教在知识和教义上的接受,也是印度佛教和本土宗教实践相互转化的共生过程。西藏不同佛教流派的出现,也是西藏历史上各教派权力政治的结果。因此,有必要认识到五派的形成也是一系列宗教政治事件,特别是自15世纪格鲁派形成以来,以及后来在17世纪成为格鲁派为基础的西藏政体。格鲁派统治着藏传佛教,从17世纪中叶到20世纪中叶,历任达赖喇嘛统治着西藏。鉴于藏传佛教的区域和全球地位,重点放在藏传佛教作为一个跨区域的宗教在内亚,后来作为现代佛教的一种形式自20世纪中叶。有了这些重点,这里提出的历史概述是为了在西藏内外的寺院和世俗领域对藏传佛教的历史进行更多的学术讨论和研究。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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