Spatial array processing methods for radio astronomical RFI mitigation

B. Jeffs, K. Warnick
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引用次数: 7

Abstract

Summary form only. Over more than a decade there have been a variety of array signal processing methods proposed for interference canceling in radio astronomical observation. Approaches include adaptive filtering, statistically optimal null-steering beamformers, robust adaptive beamforming, vector subspace partitioning, interference tracking algorithms, and use of auxiliary reference antennas. Conventional imaging arrays are obvious candidates where the spatial signature across all antennas may be used to remove interference directly from the visibility/correlation terms. The new wave of phased array feeds under development (e.g. ASKAP, APERTIF, DRAO, BYU/NRAO, Arecibo) also opens up, to both single dish instruments and synthesis arrays, new possibilities for actively nulling interferers independently at each dish. Low frequency aperture arrays (e.g. LOFAR, MWA, LWA, PAPER) have such wide fields of view and operate in such crowded bands that spatial canceling is almost mandatory. Array signal processing can be used in conjunction with traditional data blanking (or pruning) and frequency avoidance, but if successful the array cancelers will offer the attractive new benefit of continuous operation without data loss in corrupted frequency bands. However, adoption has been very slow. Reasons for delay include 1) costly infrastructure requirements like fast correlator dump times, new digital back end processors, computational burden, array signal transport, and new auxiliary antennas, 2) poor nulling performance for adaptive beamformers, i.e. inability to drive interference 10s of dB below the noise floor, 3) uncertainty about signal of interest distortion while canceling interference, and 4) lack of clear science case where critical observations cannot be made without array processing cancelation methods. This tutorial will present an overview of previously proposed array signal processing RFI mitigation techniques and discuss capabilities and limitations. Newer methods will be presented which achieve significantly deeper nulls and introduce less mainbeam distortion than do typical adaptive beamformers. A “state of the art” review of current practice and discussion of future directions and trends will be presented.
射电天文RFI缓解的空间阵列处理方法
只有摘要形式。十多年来,人们提出了各种阵列信号处理方法来消除射电天文观测中的干扰。方法包括自适应滤波、统计上最优的零方向波束形成、鲁棒自适应波束形成、矢量子空间划分、干扰跟踪算法和辅助参考天线的使用。传统的成像阵列是明显的候选者,其中所有天线的空间特征可用于直接从可见性/相关性项中去除干扰。正在开发的新一波相控阵馈源(例如ASKAP, APERTIF, DRAO, BYU/NRAO, Arecibo)也为单碟仪器和合成阵列开辟了新的可能性,可以在每个碟上独立地主动消除干扰。低频孔径阵列(如LOFAR, MWA, LWA, PAPER)具有如此宽的视场,并且在如此拥挤的波段中工作,以至于空间抵消几乎是强制性的。阵列信号处理可以与传统的数据消隐(或修剪)和频率避免结合使用,但如果成功,阵列消去器将提供有吸引力的新好处,即在损坏的频段连续运行而不会丢失数据。然而,采用的速度非常缓慢。造成延迟的原因包括:1)昂贵的基础设施要求,如快速相关器转储时间、新的数字后端处理器、计算负担、阵列信号传输和新的辅助天线;2)自适应波束形成器的消零性能差,即无法驱动噪声底以下10s dB的干扰;3)消除干扰时感兴趣的信号失真的不确定性;4)缺乏明确的科学案例,没有阵列处理抵消方法就无法进行关键观测。本教程将介绍以前提出的阵列信号处理RFI缓解技术的概述,并讨论功能和局限性。与典型的自适应波束形成器相比,新的方法将实现更深的零点,并引入更少的主波束失真。将介绍当前实践的“最新状况”,并讨论未来的方向和趋势。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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