The Microbiome of Peri-implantitis Using Next-Generation Sequencing with 16S rRNA Gene: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Abstract: Objective: This study was aimed at systematically reviewing the literature on the microbial profiles of peri-implantitis (PI) as analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods. Methods: An electronic search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted to find clinical trials published up to November 2021. The inclusion criteria were studies assessing the microbiome of PI by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis in otherwise healthy patients. Results: Of 70 potentially eligible articles, data from 12 studies on 636 samples from peri-implant sites and natural tooth sites were included in this study. In 10 out of 12 studies the PI microbiome showed distinct microbial profiles from healthy implants (HI) or periodontitis teeth (PT) or healthy teeth (HT), whereas 2 studies only discussed the difference in smoking and disease severity in PI. The main observed genera were Actinomyces, Campylobacter, Fusobacterium, Mogibacterium, Moraxella, Prevotella, Treponema, and Porphyromonas. Five studies showed higher microbial diversity in PI than HI, whereas 4 studies showed lower microbial diversity in PI than HI, and 2 studies showed similar microbial diversity to HI and PT. One study suggested that microbial diversity in smokers was lower than in non-smokers and one study suggested that disease severity in PI reduced the diversity of the microbiome. Four studies revealed a significant correlation between microbiome composition and clinical parameters, particularly the probing depth. Conclusion: This systematic review revealed that increases in peri-implant probing depth are associated with substantial changes in the submucosal microbiome and increasing levels of dysbiosis. The microbial profiles of PI seem distinct in HI, PT, and HT. However, the results for PI-related species and microbial diversity were inconsistent because of the heterogeneity of the study designs.