Non si può fermare il vento con le mani – Populismo e Moralismo nella crisi del pensiero europeo

F. Castiglioni
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Abstract

One of the distinctive features of a democratic society is the pervasive and endless public debate that regularly antagonize groups and individuals, clashing different interests and ideologies. In this competitive environment, the delegitimization of a political enemy is the more natural – and yet democratically unhealthy – way to win the confrontation between diverse ideas. Historically, one of the predilected strategies to discredit a political adversary has always been blaming its morality, thereby eroding the very root on which any consensus rests. The moral blaming is declined differently, depending on the social and cultural context of the time and therefore the dominating values. In a democratic debate, these moral allegations often relate to duplicity or spreading of misinformation, the so-called demagogy. Today, the same campaign is rolled out against some partiers accused to be “populists” for their appeal to the most illogic and instinctive popular sentiment. The definition of “populism” is though still uncertain and subject to academic debate. This article aims at presenting different definition and interpretation of this political phenomenon to better frame it in the nowadays Western politics. The concept of populism is considered in its different shapes, questioning on the one hand the consistency of the existing definition and on the other its relationship with the democratic tenet. At the end of this analysis, the focus is shifted to the European Union and the reason as to why all the populist parties are seemingly Eurosceptic. The reason provided challenges the ideas of European unity itself, underlying the contrasting directions that the experiment of integration conveys, and question the multi-layered architecture of the contemporary democracy.
在欧洲思维危机中,民粹主义和道德主义无法阻止风
民主社会的一个显著特征是普遍和无休止的公开辩论,这种辩论经常使团体和个人对立,使不同的利益和意识形态发生冲突。在这种竞争环境中,使一个政治敌人失去合法性是赢得不同思想之间对抗的更自然的- -但在民主上是不健康的- -方式。从历史上看,抹黑政治对手的首选策略之一总是指责其道德,从而侵蚀了任何共识所依赖的根本。道德指责的衰落程度不同,取决于当时的社会和文化背景,因此也取决于主导价值观。在民主辩论中,这些道德指控往往与口是心非或传播错误信息有关,即所谓的蛊惑人心。今天,同样的运动正在展开,反对一些被指责为“民粹主义者”的政党,因为他们迎合了最不合逻辑、最本能的民意。尽管“民粹主义”的定义仍然不确定,并受到学术辩论的影响。本文旨在对这一政治现象提出不同的定义和解释,以便在当今西方政治中更好地构建这一政治现象。对民粹主义概念进行了不同形式的思考,一方面质疑现有定义的一致性,另一方面质疑其与民主原则的关系。在分析的最后,焦点转移到欧盟,以及所有民粹主义政党似乎都是欧洲怀疑论者的原因。其原因挑战了欧洲统一本身的理念,隐藏在一体化实验所传达的截然不同的方向之下,并质疑了当代民主的多层架构。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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