Energy Capital and Opportunity City

Joseph A. Pratt, M. Melosi
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Abstract

Houston began the twentieth century as a small cotton port linked to the Gulf of Mexico by a ship channel. It became an important center of oil production and refining before World War II, a leading producer during the war and its aftermath, and the global capital of energy focusing on technological innovation, refining, and petrochemicals as the world economy globalized. As it grew, the city drew migrants, Anglo- and African-American, from the U.S. South, many from Louisiana, to become a diverse but not simply segregated city. The long-term economic benefits of oil-led development allowed unequal yet shared gains and funded the rise of leading medical centers, sustaining a diversified economy after the 1980s oil bust made it a symbol of a major city built on oil. It expanded employment and improved infrastructure, but economic opportunities and physical growth came with high environmental costs, including health challenges and urban problems ranging from water supply, to pollution, to chronic flooding—as the city grew with a new wave of migration from Mexico into the twenty-first century.
能源之都和机会之城
20世纪初,休斯顿是一个小棉花港,通过一条航道与墨西哥湾相连。在第二次世界大战之前,它成为重要的石油生产和炼油中心,在战争期间及其后果期间成为领先的生产商,随着世界经济全球化,它成为全球能源之都,专注于技术创新、炼油和石化产品。随着城市的发展,这座城市吸引了来自美国南部的移民,包括盎格鲁人和非洲裔美国人,其中许多人来自路易斯安那州,成为一个多元化但不仅仅是种族隔离的城市。以石油为主导的发展所带来的长期经济效益允许了不平等的共享收益,并为领先医疗中心的兴起提供了资金,在20世纪80年代石油泡沫破裂后维持了多元化的经济,使其成为一个以石油为基础的主要城市的象征。它扩大了就业,改善了基础设施,但经济机会和物质增长带来了高昂的环境成本,包括健康挑战和城市问题,从供水到污染,再到慢性洪水——随着城市的发展,从墨西哥到21世纪的新一波移民。
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