“Young Slaves in the Land of Gambling” The State as a Helpless Viewer of the Struggle of the Youth with Gambling

Abstract

While gambling is thriving worldwide, two worrying observations are made: first, the increase in the age span of gamblers from 33-55 years in the 1970s to 17-70 years in the present, and second, the unprecedent growth of online gambling, a field that young people feel very familiar with. We describe the general landscape of gambling in Greece and record both the intensity and the effect of this promotion on individuals aged up to 25 years. Primary data are drawn, on the one hand, by measuring the advertising time of gambling in the prime-time broadcasting of all national TV channels and, on the other hand, by a nationwide survey with a sample of 315 adults aged 25 years or less. The results are rather encouraging with regard to the present, but the possible effects of early exposure in future periods of the life cycle are still unknown. 1. Walking in the valley of gambling: The stakes of the gambling industry and the “pass” of the state Gambling is a global and timeless phenomenon whose principles remain the same despite differences from region to region or across time periods. The gambling industry has been experiencing tremendous growth over the last three decades, and this trend is likely to prevail in the future. 1.1 “Faites vos jeux” 1 : No state without a casino, no city without a derby People invented gambling games very early. Backgammon has a history of at least 4,000 years, and the first form of betting gambling seems to be similar to the contemporary “barbot” (casting dices). In the times when this kind of game was illegal, there were clubs where, in addition to the lookout man, was another person assigned with the duty to swallow the dices in the event of a police raid. Legislation on both land and online gambling varies from country to country and shapes the total value of the gambling industry in different ways. The global turnover is estimated at US $390 billion for the year 2016, 50 billions of which was related to online gambling. Gaming spending per capita is $916 in Australia, which has the world record, and is followed by Singapore, where the amount is $892. The US, having Las Vegas as the hotspot, scores third with $505 per capita spending. The landscape in the US is mixed, as some states promote and others restrict gambling. In 2013, New Jersey legalized participation in online gambling, and by 2016, the turnover of the industry amounted to $16 million. It is estimated that at least 65 million people are regular poker players in the US, while in 2007, more than $170 billion were played in Las Vegas, bringing $163 billion profit to players and seven billion to the casinos (Vintage Value Investing, 2018). The gambling market is also large in Ireland, where per capita expenditure is approximately $500. The corresponding expense in the United Kingdom that operates approximately 8,800 gaming stores with at least 170,000 gaming machines is $377. China allows its citizens to participate only in state gambling. There is concern about the management of the former British colony of Macau, which has 38 large casinos and constitutes one of the world's most powerful gaming centers, with multibillion-dollar annual turnover (Vintage Value Investing, 2018). Malta is also a focal point for gambling because of its low taxation and overall gambling friendly policy. 1.2 Poor man’s destiny: Crisis-affiliated Greece in gambling vertigo In this paper, we consciously avoid even a brief account of the causes and characteristics of the crisis affecting Greece, as it is an exhaustively documented topic. 1 “Make your play”. Roulette term in French signaling the starting of betting ISSN 2325-4149 (Print), 2325-4165 (Online) ©Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.aijssnet.com 15 Unemployment combined with lack of interest and feelings of disappointment lead many Greeks to gambling agencies, where they can spend the entire day even when betting only a few euros. Gambling agencies in both the capital city and the provinces have become social meeting points, replacing traditional cafes. However, while until recently these spots were indeed very much like cafes, they currently incorporate many luxury and high-tech attributes that make the stay very pleasant. What is more, unlike the past, customers are no longer exposed to a common sight. This facilitates access and increases the risk of addiction (Inside story, 2019). The gambling market in Greece is multifaceted and large, especially if the illegal gambling turnover, which seems to be booming, is added. In 2007, private gambling spending amounted to €10 billion or 4% of GDP. In the same year, only one game, "Let's Go Betting", made a turnover of €2.14 billion. During the three-year period 2008-2011, the main gambling institution (OPAP), with a share of 56%, financed the Super League teams with €250 million. OPAP owns more than 4,000 gambling points across the country. According to the published budget for the financial year 2018, net pretax income amounted to €1,547,015, net income from games €1,039,935, and profits €215,900 before and €145,301 after taxes (Georgiou Club, 2018). In 2016, gross revenues from the land gambling market amounted to €1.6 billion, or a little less than 1% of GDP, which is far from humble if we consider the struggle of the Greek state to reserve 3% of the GDP for education. The per capita expenditure followed the fluctuations in GDP, and in the same year, it amounted to €628. The total gross revenues of the land and internet markets amount to €1.8 billion. Per capita spending on land gambling is very close to the EU27 average, but the spending on online gambling is significantly lower (€24 vs. €41 million). Government revenue from gambling in 2016 amounted to €0.64 billion and was distributed per provider as follows: OPAP 63.0%, Casinos 28.2%, Greek Lottery 8.1% and Horse Racing 0.7% (Supervisory and Control Committee, 2017). Along with the official market, however, there is an illegal market, the value of which is estimated at 30-40% that of the legal market. Sources of the Ministry of Culture, which is responsible for the gambling sector, say that the illegal market amounts to €3.5 billion, while market people estimate it at €5.5 billion; this implies a great loss of revenue for both the state and legitimate businesses that pay taxes and the insurance contributions of thousands of people. In the pre-crisis years, there were at least 120,000 illegal gambling machines in all neighborhoods throughout Greece, half of which were found in in Athens and Thessaloniki, and at least 23 online gambling sites. However, in this country, hypocrisy prevails. When OPAP attempted to install 35,000 legitimate machines (VLTs), mostly within the already existing gambling points, there was strong resistance, although 80% of respondents in relevant surveys believe that the legalization of gambling will have more positive than negative effects (Texan, 2019). It is characteristic that on one day (Saturday, December 17, 2016), the Greek police invaded 21 mini-casinos and internet cafes throughout Greece, arrested 76 people and seized 171 terminals (Kourdisto portokali, 2017). In 2016, 347 offenses were detected, more than a thousand people were arrested and €160,000 were seized (EEDE, 2017). Nonetheless, it is difficult to discern whether the fluctuations are due to the growth of the sector or to the intensity of the controls. 1.3 Fighting with the shadows: The asymmetric threat of online gambling As early as 1983, there was the possibility of telephone betting in football. It took approximately ten years to transfer this know-how to the internet. The first licenses for online casinos were granted shortly before 1994 to some small island complexes in the Caribbean. In 1996, InterCasino was founded, perhaps the oldest of its kind. By1998, the global online gambling industry had a turnover of $834 million a year, which soon surpassed one million, and in 2005, it reached $12 billion and continues to grow (Online Casino reports, 2019). EU Member States realized early that they were unlikely to prevent players from betting online, and considering the fall in land casino turnover, they decided to legitimize the sector to regulate it, collect taxes, and limit illegality. The first major European country to legalize online games was the United Kingdom (2005), followed by France and Denmark. In 2009, Italy established partial legitimacy and received taxes of €150 million. Germany, Switzerland and Spain moved in the same direction. The European online market has been developing since then at a steady pace and has become the largest in the world; revenues reached $12.5 billion in 2018, representing 42% of the global industry. US has followed a different approach, perhaps to support the highly developed sector of land casinos. Thus, despite the great demand for online casinos and online poker, the framework is generally more restrictive. Nonetheless, there is no strict control over participation in games offered by online sites located abroad. The legally vulnerable link in the chain of online gambling is the banking organizations that facilitate transnational financial transfers for such purposes. The legal status for online gambling varies from country to country. In some countries, such as India and Singapore, gambling is booming, while the institutional framework, although officially restrictive, is in fact inadequate (Casinos, 2010). American International Journal of Social Science Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2019 doi:10.30845/aijss.v8n3p3 16 Online engagement is extremely easy, especially for young people who have a much greater ability to handle online media, in general. At the same time, confirmation of the actual age of the player is much more difficult online, as it is always possible to falsify the relevant data. Beyond that, the steps are simple and include tracking the destination (a simple search offers infinite possibilities), downloading and installing the software,