Leo Tolstoy

Inessa Medzhibovskaya
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Abstract

Count Leo Tolstoy (Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy) is one of the greatest writers of all time. Born in Yasnaya Polyana on 9 September 1828 (28 August, Old Style) to Count Tolstoy and Princess Volkonsky, he lived a long, eventful life and became the father of a large family. War and Peace, Anna Karenina, The Cossacks, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Kreutzer Sonata, and many other famous texts garnered Tolstoy the admiration of readers well beyond Russia. From as early as the 1880s, the home estate of the author became a beacon for the entire world, as the prophetic force of Tolstoy’s personality compelled him to stand up for justice and promote nonviolence, social and economic equality, and a new type of art. In works of radical nonfiction like A Confession; The Kingdom of God Is Within You, “The Law of Violence and the Law of Love,” and What Is Art? Tolstoy solidified his reputation as much more than a towering literary figure. The tsarist government banned most of these nonliterary writings, heavily censored his artistic works, and arrested or exiled his followers. In 1901, the Russian Orthodox Church issued a determination to excommunicate Tolstoy for his seditious views. Despising the establishment, Tolstoy cared little that from 1902 to 1906 he received multiple nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature, yet won none, or that he was equally unsuccessful in winning the Nobel Prize for Peace, for which he was nominated three times (1901, 1902, 1910). At the age of eighty-two, plagued by disputes in his family and among his disciples about his intention to grant free copyright to the entire corpus of his written works, he resolved to leave home, and he died on 20 November 1910 (7 November, Old Style) during his escape. Hundreds of thousands of works in many languages have been written about Tolstoy over the last 165 years, the first 383-page-long bibliography of literature on him having appeared seven years before his death. For too long, Tolstoy scholars tended to downplay the importance of the author’s thought (his “nonartistic” side) and deny that anything was to be gained in studying his sociopolitical, religious, and philosophical views comprehensively. However, this trend in criticism has steadily declined since the beginning of the new millennium. Today, approaches to the study of Tolstoy go beyond literary studies. He is considered a thinker as much as a writer—the two are inseparable in his work—and Tolstoy has left a strong intellectual imprint on world culture. Eleven decades after his death, his ideas are seen as no less than a measure of the state of the world, not just of its state of culture or of the quality of its civilization, but also of its most vital signs.
列夫·托尔斯泰
列夫·托尔斯泰伯爵(列夫·尼古拉耶维奇·托尔斯泰)是有史以来最伟大的作家之一。他于1828年9月9日(旧历8月28日)出生在亚斯纳亚波利亚纳,父母是托尔斯泰伯爵和沃尔孔斯基公主。他的一生漫长而多事,并成为一个大家庭的父亲。《战争与和平》、《安娜·卡列尼娜》、《哥萨克人》、《伊凡·伊里奇之死》、《克鲁采奏鸣曲》等许多著名的作品为托尔斯泰赢得了远在俄罗斯以外的读者的钦佩。早在19世纪80年代,托尔斯泰的故居就成为整个世界的灯塔,因为托尔斯泰性格中的预言力量迫使他坚持正义,促进非暴力,社会和经济平等,以及一种新型艺术。在激进的非虚构作品中,如《忏悔录》;《上帝的王国就在你心中》、《暴力的法则和爱的法则》、《什么是艺术?》托尔斯泰巩固了他的名声,而不仅仅是一个杰出的文学人物。沙皇政府禁止了他的大部分非文学作品,严格审查他的艺术作品,并逮捕或流放了他的追随者。1901年,俄罗斯东正教会决定将托尔斯泰逐出教会,因为他有煽动性的观点。在1902年至1906年期间,托尔斯泰多次获得诺贝尔文学奖提名,但一次也没有获奖,他也同样没有获得诺贝尔和平奖提名,他曾三次获得诺贝尔和平奖提名(1901年、1902年、1910年),对此他不屑一顾。在他八十二岁的时候,由于他的家人和他的弟子之间关于他是否打算给他的全部书面作品授予免费版权的争论,他决定离开家,他在1910年11月20日(旧历11月7日)在他的逃离中去世。在过去的165年里,关于托尔斯泰的作品以多种语言写成了数十万部,关于他的第一部383页的文学参考书目在他去世前7年就出现了。长期以来,研究托尔斯泰的学者倾向于淡化作者思想(他“非艺术”的一面)的重要性,并否认全面研究他的社会政治、宗教和哲学观点能有所收获。然而,自进入新千年以来,这种批评的趋势已经稳步下降。今天,研究托尔斯泰的方法已经超越了文学研究。他被认为既是一个思想家,也是一个作家——这两者在他的作品中是不可分割的——托尔斯泰在世界文化中留下了深刻的智力印记。在他去世11年之后,他的思想被看作是衡量世界状况的标准,不仅是衡量其文化状况或文明质量,而且是衡量其最重要的标志。
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