Problem solving and reasoning

Abstract

Abstract : This long chapter reviews research on problem solving and reasoning; the intended use is as text material for advanced students and others needing a moderately detailed introduction to the topics. The orientation is primarily psychological, with significant attention given to results from artificial intelligence. Major theoretical concepts, such as problem representation, the problem space, strategic knowledge, and problem-solving search, are developed in detail; and major empirical methods such as thinking-aloud protocols, problem-behavior graphs, and use of error patterns and latencies, are described and illustrated. Sections of the chapter include: Problems with well specified goals and procedures, Problems of design and arrangement, Inductive problem solving, and Evaluation of deductive arguments. (Author)