Gewaltaufrufe im frühen Islam. Zwischen Religiosität und Profanität

Abstract

This article deals on the one hand with the question to which extent and on which ground the early Islam calls for violence and on the other hand with the consequences and impacts the early military actions had on the Islamic normative doctrine. The pa-per searches how far the main sources of Islamic normative doctrine i. e. Koran and the Sunna as well as the Ijtihad legitimize violent acts against non-believers in general and the polytheists in particular. The authors reordered verses and hadithes which ju-stify violence according to the chronology of the revelation and to the biography of the Prophet. As a result, it is argued that a violent act was not legitimized according to the majority of the scholars and schools of Islam. However, the justification of performing violence on the grounds of religious and ideological differences as a minority opinion was repre-sented. The authors found out, that the minority view was contradictory and inconse-quent not only according to the traditional data given but also in the argumentation itself. Authors argue further that in the contemporary world concepts of classic normative doctrine of dār al- ḥ arb and dār al-islām have no context anymore. They introduce the theological terms dār al- ḫ idma (realm of service) and dār al-u ǧ ra (realm of reward) instead. Both terms refer to theological assumption that believe could only be obtained in this world and could only be rewarded in the hereafter. This approach enables to establish civil Islam against the notion of political Islam. Thus, the article gives crucial and significant information and provide a fundamental source for violence prevention.