Mechanisms of actions of coenzymes

Abstract

Each living species uses coenzymes in numerous important reactions catalyzed by enzymes. There are two types of coenzymes depending on the interaction with apoenzymes: coenzymes frequently called co-substrates and coenzymes known as prosthetic groups. Main metabolic roles of co-substrates (adenosine triphosphate (ATP), S-adenosyl methionine, uridine diphosphate glucose, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), coenzyme A (CoA), tetrahydrofolate and ubiquinone (Q)) and prosthetic groups (flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), biotin, adenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, lipoamide, retinal, and vitamin K) are described in the review.