Putting Public Trust Doctrine to Work: A Study of Judicial Intervention in Environmental Justice

Muhammad Munir
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Abstract

This article analyses the judicial intervention in enforcing the Public Trust Doctrine (‘PTD’) in Pakistan. According to the PTD, a government is responsible to protect certain natural resources like clean air, water, rivers, public parks, and forests. The government acts as a trustee to protect these unique natural resources. This article critically examines the application of the PTD by the superior judiciary in Pakistan. It does so by tracing out the theoretical framework, origin, and background of the PTD. The article analyses the development, application, and geological scope of this doctrine in Pakistan by critically examining the leading case law. It is argued that the superior judiciary in Pakistan has applied this doctrine in two ways — directly and impliedly. It has done so by relying on Indian and American case law and leading international environmental treaties. This article examines two widely applicable tests namely, the ‘Legislative Test Approach’ and the ‘Substantive Test Approach’ to assess the scope of the PTD. Finally, the article traces the limitations of the PTD. It concludes with the suggestion that policy makers should treat environmental rights as fundamental human rights by including it in Part II, Chapter I of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973.
公共信托原则的运用:环境司法干预研究
本文分析了巴基斯坦公共信托原则实施过程中的司法干预。根据PTD,政府有责任保护某些自然资源,如清洁的空气、水、河流、公园和森林。政府作为受托人来保护这些独特的自然资源。本文批判性地考察了巴基斯坦高级司法机构对PTD的适用。它通过追踪PTD的理论框架、起源和背景来做到这一点。本文通过对主要判例法的批判性审查,分析了这一原则在巴基斯坦的发展、应用和地理范围。有人认为,巴基斯坦的高级司法机构以两种方式- -直接和含蓄地- -适用这一原则。它依靠印度和美国的判例法以及主要的国际环境条约来做到这一点。本文探讨两种广泛适用的测试方法,即“立法测试方法”和“实质测试方法”,以评估PTD的范围。最后,文章追溯了PTD的局限性。报告最后建议决策者应将环境权利视为基本人权,列入《1973年巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国宪法》第一章第二部分。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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