Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Faecal Sludge in Pit Latrines with Depth

Ugwu Francis Ifeuzu, Agunwamba Jonah Chukwuemeka Prof.
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

There is limited information about the characteristics of faecal sludges in ordinary pit latrines. Knowledge of the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of pit sludge from different layers of the pit apart from providing an indication of the nature of pit contents endeavoured to provide information and decision support for managing pit latrines during their normal lifespan. Therefore, this paper was aimed at investigating the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of pit sludge samples to equip latrine owners with environmental and health implications of this sludge. Legislation that establishes regulations specifically for the treatment and discharge, enduse, or disposal of faecal sludge is therefore essential. Thus, faecal sludges sampled from ten (10) pit latrines were subjected to laboratory analyses with particular reference to selected parameters. From the study, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), moisture content, suspended solids (SS) and volatile solids (VS) showed decreasing trend throughout as the pit depth increased. Temperature presented double scenarios, increasing initially and decreasing afterwards with the highest values within 0.4m to 0.6m pit depth in all the pit latrines. Efforts to understand and mitigate the health effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollution have a rich and interesting history. This review focuses on six substantial lines of research that have been pursued since 1997 that have helped elucidate our understanding about the effects of PM on human health. There has been substantial progress in the evaluation of PM health effects at different time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the shape of the concentration-response function. There has also been emerging evidence of PM-related cardiovascular health effects and growing knowledge regarding interconnected general pathophysiological pathways that link PM exposure with cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Despite important gaps in scientific knowledge and continued reasons for some skepticism, a comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonary health. Although much of this research has been motivated by environmental public health policy, these results have important scientific, medical, and public health implications that are broader than debates over legally mandated air quality standards.
不同深度坑式厕所粪便污泥的理化生物学特性
关于普通坑式厕所粪便污泥特性的信息有限。了解来自不同坑层的坑泥的物理化学和生物特性,除了提供坑内容物性质的指示外,还努力为坑厕所的正常使用寿命期间的管理提供信息和决策支持。因此,本文旨在调查坑泥样品的物理化学和生物学特性,使厕所业主了解这种污泥对环境和健康的影响。因此,制定专门针对粪便污泥的处理和排放、最终使用或处置的法规至关重要。因此,从十(10)个坑式厕所取样的粪便污泥进行了实验室分析,特别参考了选定的参数。从研究结果来看,随着坑深的增加,生化需氧量(BOD)、化学需氧量(COD)、总固形物(TS)、含水率、悬浮固形物(SS)和挥发性固形物(VS)均呈下降趋势。各坑厕温度均呈现先升后降的双情景,在坑深0.4 ~ 0.6m范围内温度最高。了解和减轻颗粒物(PM)空气污染对健康影响的努力有着丰富而有趣的历史。本综述侧重于自1997年以来开展的六项实质性研究,这些研究有助于阐明我们对PM对人类健康的影响的理解。在评估不同暴露时间尺度下的颗粒物对健康的影响以及探索浓度-反应函数的形状方面取得了实质性进展。也有新的证据表明PM相关的心血管健康影响,以及越来越多的关于PM暴露与心肺发病率和死亡率之间相互关联的一般病理生理途径的知识。尽管科学知识存在重大差距,一些人仍有怀疑的理由,但对研究结果的全面评估提供了有说服力的证据,表明接触细颗粒物空气污染对心肺健康有不利影响。尽管这些研究大多是由环境公共卫生政策推动的,但这些结果具有重要的科学、医学和公共卫生意义,其意义比法律规定的空气质量标准的争论更广泛。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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