An Arrival-Structure-Dependent Formula to Calculate Source Depth in Deep Water

Abstract

This paper presents a formula to calculate the source depth from the arrival angles and the time delay of the direct (D) and surface-reflected (SR) arrivals in the reliable acoustic path (RAP) environment. The formula is valid when the SR path is not significantly refracted. A model-free and real-time method for depth estimation is presented based on the formula and verified using three signals recorded in an experiment, namely, ship-radiated noise, pseudorandom noise, and continuous wave (CW). The estimated depths of the artificial source agree with the measurements using a pressure sensor.