The importance of genetic testing in adolescent-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome - Case report/ Importanţa testării genetice la adolescenţii cu sindrom nefrotic corticorezistent – Prezentări de caz
Zsuzsanna Gáll, Éva Kiss, Kálmán Tory, Attila Fintha, Carmen Duicu
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引用次数: 1
Abstract
Abstract Approximately 10-20% of children and 40% of adults with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome are steroid resistant and progress to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or renal transplantation. In these cases, renal histology typically shows focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Mutations in NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, CD2AP and ACTN4 genes located on different chromosomes, expressed by glomerular podocytes, have been identified in patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. The authors report two cases of adolescent-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Both cases had similar clinical and histopathological manifestations, with different prognosis and evolution due to different mechanisms leading to proteinuria: an acquired and a genetic form. The first case, a 16 year old girl presented the onset of the disease with massive, generalized edema, secondary hypothyroidism and high blood pressure. Evolution was favorable under cyclosporine therapy. The second case, a 13-years-old adolescent girl, presented an insidious onset of the disease with mild edema. Genetic testing revealed a mutation in the WT1 gene. The patient developed end-stage kidney failure eight months after the onset of the disease and following kidney transplant had a favorable evolution. Histological examination of the renal biopsy specimen showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in both cases. Conclusions: Genetic forms of nephrotic syndrome do not respond to immunosuppressive therapy and may progress to end-stage renal disease, but after kidney transplantation relapse is not expected, in contrast to the immune form. The early genetic diagnosis in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome is time-consuming, but is important for proper clinical management of the patients, prognosis and genetic counseling of the families. Rezumat Autorii prezintă două cazuri de sindrom nefrotic cortico-rezistent cu debut în adolescenţă, cu manifestări clinice şi histopatologice similare (scleroză glomerulară focal-segmentală), dar cu mecanisme diferite de producere a proteinuriei: o formă dobândită şi una genetică, având astfel prognostic şi evoluţie diferită. Primul caz, o adolescentă de 16 ani prezintă debutul bolii brusc cu edeme masive, generalizate, cu răspuns favorabil la tratamentul cu ciclosporină. A doua pacientă, o adolescentă de 13 ani, a prezentat sindrom nefrotic corticorezistent cu debut insidios cu edeme uşoare. În acest caz testarea genetică a evidenţiat o mutaţie în gena WT1, iar evoluţia a fost rapidă (în 8 luni) către insuficienţă renală terminală, dar cu evoluţie şi prognostic favorabil după transplant renal. Concluzii: Formele genetice ale sindromului nefrotic nu răspund la tratamentul imunosupresiv şi pot evolua către boală renală terminală, dar după transplant recăderea este puţin probabilă, în contrast cu formele imune. Diagnosticul genetic precoce în sindromul nefrotic cortico-rezistent este important pentru managementul optim al pacienţilor, precizarea prognosticului, respectiv pentru consilierea genetică a familiei
大约10-20%的特发性肾病综合征儿童和40%的成人对类固醇有抵抗性,并进展为终末期肾病,需要透析或肾移植。在这些病例中,肾脏组织学典型表现为局灶节段性肾小球硬化。位于不同染色体上的NPHS1、NPHS2、WT1、CD2AP和ACTN4基因突变已在类固醇抵抗性肾病综合征患者中被发现,这些基因由肾小球足细胞表达。作者报告了两例青少年发病的类固醇抵抗性肾病综合征。两例患者均有相似的临床和组织病理学表现,但由于导致蛋白尿的机制不同,预后和演变也不同:获得性和遗传性。第一例患者为一名16岁女孩,发病时伴有大面积全身性水肿、继发性甲状腺功能减退和高血压。在环孢素治疗下进化有利。第二例为一名13岁少女,发病时伴有轻度水肿。基因检测显示WT1基因突变。患者发病8个月后出现终末期肾衰竭,肾移植后病情好转。肾活检标本的组织学检查显示局灶节段性肾小球硬化。结论:遗传形式的肾病综合征对免疫抑制治疗没有反应,可能发展为终末期肾病,但与免疫形式相比,肾移植后复发的可能性不大。激素抵抗性肾病综合征的早期遗传诊断耗时长,但对患者的临床管理、预后及家属的遗传咨询具有重要意义。Rezumat Autorii prezintă窦ăcazuri de sindrom nefrotic cortico-rezistent铜在adolescenţă,铜清单ări cliniceş我histopatologice similare (scleroză肾小球ăfocal-segmentală),dar铜mecanisme diferite de producere proteinuriei: o形式ădobandităş我una遗传ăavand astfel预后ş我evoluţie diferită。阿,Primul caz青少年ăde 16 ani prezintădebutul bolii brusc铜edeme masive, generalizate、铜ră纺favorabil la tratamentul铜ciclosporină。13岁以下青少年1例,是一种先兆性肾上腺皮质激素综合征。În acest caz testarea genetici a evidenţiat o mutaţie n gena WT1, iar evoluţia a fost rapidi ( n 8 luni) ctrre insuficienţă renali terminali, dar cu evoluţie 预后有利的双肾移植肾。结论:先天性先天性前列腺癌是一种治疗性免疫优势性疾病,治疗性免疫优势性疾病是一种终末性疾病,移植性疾病是一种复发性疾病puţin,而非先天性疾病。诊断性遗传性早熟对单核细胞增生性皮质抵抗性前列腺癌重要的治疗方案优化pacienţilor,精确区域预后,分别为前列腺癌、前列腺癌、前列腺癌、前列腺癌、前列腺癌和前列腺癌家族