C-2C ladder based D/A converters for two metal CMOS process

Abstract

Three 8-bit C-2C ladder based D/A converter circuits are presented that utilize interlayer capacitors available in a two-metal CMOS process and need no process modification. The capacitances, being of a similar order, are used to form individual capacitors in the C-2C ladder. This leads to a lower unit capacitor number requirement and a saving of silicon area.<>