Leaf Physiology and Anatomy by Photoacoustics

Abstract

Plant leaves are generally composed of about seven to eight layers of cells: an upper epidermis layer, two to three layers of elongated palisade cells, about three layers of spongy cells with large intercellular air spaces and a lower spidermis. The epidermis layers contain pores (stomata) with a mechanism to open or close them, controlled by adjacent guard cells.