Das Nahe und das Ferne, das Einzelne und das Allgemeine, das Zeitliche und das Ewige. Über die Grundpolarität in Jaspers Denken

A. Hügli
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Abstract

Karl Jaspers received the basic figure of his thinking from Kierkegaard: that of the self-caring subjective thinker who, by relating himself to himself, re- lates to another. The two moments that make up this basic figure – my rela- tionship with myself and the other on which this relationship is based – run through Jaspers’ entire thinking: be it as the individual versus the general, as the present versus the Eternal, as the near One versus the distant One, as existence versus transcendence. It is man’s job to endure the tension between these two poles and to in- tegrate them into his life. This task can only be solved existentially, but it is understood correctly only through philosophical thinking. Because the two poles are beyond all knowledge and can only be illuminated by philosophical thought, but never caught up conceptually, each individual is called upon to choose freely what he believes in and “which star he wants to bind himself to”. It is this incessant process of making oneself sure of oneself and of the encompassing being that, according to Jaspers, defines philosophy as philoso- phia perennis and yet always ties it back to the historical situation in which the individual thinker finds himself and tries to find out what is true to him in the eternal sense. These two sides in Jaspers’ philosophy – his understanding of philosophy as philosophia perennis and his insistence on the respective his- torical situation – are therefore only two aspects of the basic polarity of his thinking.
在你相反的地方思考jasper中的基本情况
卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯从克尔凯郭尔那里得到了他思想的基本形象:一个自我关怀的主观思想家,他通过把自己与自己联系起来,也与他人联系起来。构成这个基本形象的两个时刻——我与我自己的关系,以及作为这种关系基础的他者——贯穿了雅斯贝尔斯的整个思想:作为个人与一般,作为现在与永恒,作为近者与远者,作为存在与超越。人的工作就是忍受这两极之间的紧张关系,并把它们融入到自己的生活中。这个任务只有通过存在才能解决,但只有通过哲学思考才能正确理解。因为两极是超越所有知识的,只能用哲学思想来阐明,而不能用概念来描述,所以每个人都被要求自由选择他相信什么,“他想把自己束缚在哪颗星星上”。根据雅斯贝尔斯的说法,正是这种让自己确信自己和周围存在的持续过程,将哲学定义为永恒的哲学,但总是将其与历史情境联系起来,在这个情境中,个体思想家找到了自己,并试图找出永恒意义上对自己真实的东西。因此,雅斯贝尔斯哲学的这两个方面——他对哲学作为永恒哲学的理解和他对各自历史情境的坚持——只是他思想基本极性的两个方面。
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