Homogeneous upconversion in Er-doped waveguides

Abstract

Parasitic energy transfer between excited ions has been widely recognized as gain limiting factor in high-concentration Er-doped fibre amplifiers. The energy transfer leads to upconversion of the excitation which for randomly distributed (not clustered) ions is called homogeneous upconversion (HUG). For optimizing design of rare-earth doped devices it is important to properly model HUC.