The Dynamic Aspects of Criminal Act and Criminal Liability in Money Laundering Practices

Abstract

The criminal conduct and mental elements are two components required for establishing a criminal conviction. The question arises, however, how these two components ought to be applied to the complicated and sophisticated process such as money laundering. It is demonstrated that money laundering crime may be conducted by, through, or under the cover of corporate entities raising difficult issues over the proof of these two components. This article applies an analytical approach on how theoretical studies and court practices encounter these problems. This article then argues the interest of developing models and theories use to justify imposing criminal liability of money laundering on individuals as well as corporations. Three models of corporate liability that were elaborated in this article are adaptation or imitation model, aggregation or collective knowledge model, and the faulty organization model.