Water Demand and Human Behavior during Compounding Disasters: The Case of Winter Storm Uri and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Lauryn A. Spearing, Kingsley Nweye, Helena R. Tiedmann, Zoltán Nagy, L. Sela, K. Faust
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Abstract

Engineered systems are designed for a specific operating context based on assumptions about the population served. In turn, management of these systems can be stressed during population shifts (and corresponding demand shifts), such as those seen during both discrete (e.g., hurricanes) and protracted (e.g., pandemics) events. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic caused drastic changes in society, consequentially changing spatial and temporal water use as people worked from home. In another example, Winter Storm Uri led to utility service disruptions throughout Texas, causing people without power and water to seek shelter, leading to spatial changes in water use in conjunction with physical damage. This sheltering occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to increased uncertainty in demand and challenges to shelter while ensuring social distancing. Researchers have studied disaster scenarios independently, but there is a gap surrounding compounding disasters as human-infrastructure interactions are likely altered. Here, we assess water demand changes during Winter Storm Uri (which occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic) at the building level. We performed k-means clustering on demand data from four buildings at the University of Texas, Austin. Three buildings showed different daily demand profiles during the storm compared to the spring semester. Interestingly, there were demand increases in buildings not being used as warming centers, perhaps indicating increased occupancy. This trend reveals that people do not necessarily choose to shelter in places that are formally organized. In a museum, water use decreased compared to the already reduced demand during the pandemic, possibly leading to water stagnation and quality concerns. © ASCE.
复合灾害中的水需求和人类行为:以冬季风暴Uri和COVID-19大流行为例
工程系统是根据所服务人群的假设为特定的操作环境而设计的。反过来,在人口变化(以及相应的需求变化)期间,例如在离散(例如,飓风)和长期(例如,流行病)事件期间看到的那些事件,可能会强调这些系统的管理。例如,2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行造成了社会的剧烈变化,从而改变了人们在家工作时的空间和时间用水。在另一个例子中,冬季风暴乌里导致整个德克萨斯州的公用事业服务中断,导致没有电和水的人寻求庇护,导致用水的空间变化以及物理破坏。这种庇护发生在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,导致需求的不确定性增加,并在确保社交距离的同时面临住房挑战。研究人员已经独立研究了灾难情景,但由于人类与基础设施的相互作用可能发生了变化,因此在复杂灾害方面存在差距。在这里,我们在建筑层面评估了冬季风暴Uri(发生在COVID-19大流行期间)期间的水需求变化。我们对来自德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校四栋建筑的需求数据进行了k-means聚类。与春季学期相比,三栋建筑在风暴期间的日需求曲线有所不同。有趣的是,对非取暖中心建筑的需求有所增加,这可能表明入住率有所增加。这一趋势表明,人们不一定会选择在正式组织的地方避难。在大流行期间,与已经减少的需求相比,博物馆的用水量减少了,可能导致水停滞和质量问题。©第3期。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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