Could next generation androids get emotionally close? `Relational closeness' from human dyadic interactions

Abstract

Studies of human-human interactions indicate that the relational dimensions encoded nonverbally between people include intimacy/involvement, status/control, and emotional valence. In assessing nonverbal behavior a key issue concerns the correct level or unit of behavior to code. Low-level codes, such as head nods, eyebrow flashes, and smiles, are concrete enough to be specified objectively. However, a coding scheme based on them may not match the phenomenology of lay people's experiences of natural interactions. A high-level code, such as values intimacy, reliably distinguishes secure and insecure attachment styles but is underspecified at the concrete, bodily level. This paper considers what level of behavior codes may realistically be mapped onto next generation androids. New 'mid-level' behavior codes are offered based on an experimental study of relational closeness in human dyadic interactions. These provide act specifications for a possible benchmark of relational closeness. The appropriateness of certain relational behaviors by androids is considered.