Mixing Automated with Non-Automated Yard Traffic in Container Terminals: a Digital Transition

Abstract

This paper addresses how the transition of a (non-automated) brownfield terminal to a terminal with mixed automated and manual traffic is impacting: (i) design (e.g., terminal layout planning), (ii) operational control and (iii) digital infrastructure. We propose a (digital) transition process towards coexistence of automated and manual traffic, so as to ensure efficient, secure and future-proof container handling.