Hindu views of Human Rights Regarding Religious Minorities, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience, and Anti-Conversion Laws

L. Minnema
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Abstract

In India, the Human Rights notions of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion are integrated in the Indian Constitution but interpreted from within an Indian framework of reference that has close links to premodern and modern forms of Hinduism. The doctrine of Human Rights cannot automatically count on meeting with approval from the part of the world’s religions. If the current Human Rights discourse is typically a ‘modern’ discourse based on an initially Western view of the human being, how does it relate to religions such as traditional Hinduism, Neo-Hinduism, and nationalist Hinduism that draw from both premodern and modern sources? More specifically, how do these forms of Hinduism view freedom of thought, conscience, and religion as stated in the Indian Constitution? It will be argued that Hindu approaches to religious freedom and conversion highly depend, not only on whether they are traditional or modern but also on whether Hindu traditions draw their external boundaries from within or from without.
印度教关于宗教少数群体、宗教自由、良心自由和反改信法的人权观
在印度,思想、良心和宗教自由等人权概念被纳入印度宪法,但在印度的参考框架内进行解释,这与前现代和现代形式的印度教有着密切的联系。人权学说不能自动地指望得到世界各宗教的赞同。如果当前的人权话语是典型的基于最初西方人类观的“现代”话语,那么它如何与传统印度教、新印度教和民族主义印度教等源自前现代和现代的宗教联系起来?更具体地说,这些形式的印度教如何看待印度宪法中所述的思想自由、良心自由和宗教自由?有人会说,印度教对宗教自由和皈依的态度不仅高度依赖于它们是传统的还是现代的,而且还依赖于印度教传统是从内部还是从外部划定其外部界限。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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