An Emulation-Based Method for Lifetime Estimation of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wilfried Dron, S. Duquennoy, T. Voigt, K. Hachicha, P. Garda
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引用次数: 30

Abstract

Lifetime estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is crucial to ensure that the network will last long enough (low maintenance cost) while not being over-dimensioned (low initial cost). Existing solutions have at least one of the two following limitations: (1) they are based on theoretical models or high-level protocol implementations, overlooking low-level (e.g., hardware, driver, etc.) constraints which we find have a significant impact on lifetime, and (2) they use an ideal battery model which over-estimates lifetime due to its constant voltage and its inability to model the non-linear properties of real batteries. We introduce a method for WSN lifetime estimation that operates on compiled firmware images and models the complex behavior of batteries. We use the MSPSim/Cooja node emulator and network simulator to run the application in a cycle-accurate manner and log all component states. We then feed the log into our lifetime estimation framework, which models the nodes and their batteries based on both technical and experimental specifications. In a case study of a Contiki RPL/6LoWPAN application, we identify and resolve several low-level implementation issues, thereby increasing the predicted network lifetime from 134 to 484 days. We compare our battery model to the ideal battery model and to the lifetime estimation based on the radio duty cycle, and find that there is an average over-estimation of 36% and 76% respectively.
一种基于仿真的无线传感器网络寿命估计方法
在无线传感器网络(WSN)中,生命周期估计对于确保网络足够长(低维护成本)且不会过度维数(低初始成本)至关重要。现有的解决方案至少有以下两个限制中的一个:(1)它们基于理论模型或高级协议实现,忽略了我们发现对寿命有重大影响的低级(例如,硬件,驱动程序等)约束;(2)它们使用理想的电池模型,由于其恒定电压和无法模拟实际电池的非线性特性,该模型高估了寿命。我们介绍了一种基于编译固件图像的无线传感器网络寿命估计方法,并对电池的复杂行为进行了建模。我们使用MSPSim/Cooja节点模拟器和网络模拟器以周期精确的方式运行应用程序并记录所有组件状态。然后,我们将日志输入到我们的寿命估计框架中,该框架根据技术和实验规范对节点及其电池进行建模。在对Contiki RPL/6LoWPAN应用程序的案例研究中,我们确定并解决了几个低级实现问题,从而将预测的网络生命周期从134天增加到484天。我们将我们的电池模型与理想电池模型和基于无线电占空比的寿命估计进行了比较,发现平均高估分别为36%和76%。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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