Chapter 12: Harnessing oil as natural resource wealth: a focus on the legal frameworks of Nigeria and Uganda

Lanre Aladeitan, Robert Alex Wabunoha, Chidinma Therese Odaghara
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Abstract

Natural resources1 are “a gift of nature and an endowment of comfort that makes the existence of mankind complete”.2 It is a matter of debate whether resource-rich states in Africa use the resources for the comfort of the majority of their citizens. Governance of natural resources is a broad issue that raises more questions than answers. This is despite society’s longstanding desire for and institutionalisation of governance norms through law. Law serves three critical roles in the governance of natural resources. Firstly, states order the behaviour of individuals and organisations in the realm of natural resources through law and legal institutions, converting economic and social policies into outcomes.3 Secondly, the law defines the structure of government by arranging and distributing political and economic interests and power. In the case of oil, legal authority to act, political and economic power are established and distributed among the state, local host communities and extractive companies as the major stakeholders in the exploration of the resource. Thirdly, the law provides space for public participation in governance through substantive and procedural tools that promote accountability.4 It is not enough to have a legal framework in a resource-rich state. A pragmatic legal framework in the realm of resource governance must seek to address issues that include, how rights and benefits are allocated among stakeholders; the rights and benefits of local host communities; requirements for linking investments to the economy or creating jobs; and environmental health and safety obligations of the extractive companies. Transparency, accountability and a clear sense of purpose, however, must accompany the making of law from the onset to the point of enforcement and
第12章:利用石油作为自然资源财富:尼日利亚和乌干达法律框架的焦点
自然资源是“大自然的礼物,是使人类得以完整生存的舒适的禀赋”非洲资源丰富的国家是否利用这些资源来满足其大多数公民的生活,这是一个有争议的问题。自然资源的治理是一个广泛的问题,它提出的问题多于答案。尽管社会长期以来一直希望通过法律将治理规范制度化。法律在自然资源治理中起着三个关键作用。首先,国家通过法律和法律制度来规范个人和组织在自然资源领域的行为,将经济和社会政策转化为结果其次,法律通过安排和分配政治和经济利益和权力来界定政府结构。就石油而言,作为资源勘探的主要利益相关者,国家、当地社区和采掘公司之间建立并分配了采取行动的法律权威、政治和经济权力。第三,法律通过促进问责的实质性和程序性工具为公众参与治理提供了空间在一个资源丰富的国家,仅有法律框架是不够的。在资源治理领域,务实的法律框架必须寻求解决以下问题:如何在利益相关者之间分配权利和利益;当地收容社区的权利和利益;将投资与经济联系起来或创造就业的要求;以及采掘公司的环境健康和安全义务。然而,透明度、问责制和明确的目的感必须伴随着法律的制定,从开始到执行和实施
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