長期心理治療的人際經驗改變－心理師的觀點

Abstract

人際經驗是個體發展自我形象與環境評估的關鍵因素。大部分尋求長期心理治療的個案，其困擾多與過去負面的人際經驗所帶來的關係議題有關。若個體在成長過程經常遭受拒絕，會發展出「世界不能控制、別人不可預測、不可信任」的觀點。因此，本研究旨在探討長期心理治療歷程，個案的他人表徵與自我概念之轉變，以及討論心理師在協助個案改變的相關促成與阻礙因素。本研究以質性研究方式進行，以六位長期心理治療取向為主的資深心理師作為研究對象，以一對一的方式與每位受訪者進行一次深度訪談。訪談內容著重探討個案他人表徵及自我概念的改變，並深入了解長期心理治療關係對於個案發展新的人際關係經驗之影響。以紮根理論的資料分析概念進行資料分析，透過逐字稿編碼，由訪談者的實務工作現場所呈現之資料建構出歸納式結論。研究結果發現：心理師所討論的個案改變包括三個面向：（1）治療前後期的他人表徵轉變，（2）治療前後期的自我概念轉變，以及（3）促進與阻礙個案人際經驗改變的因素。本研究據此提出結論：長期心理治療有助於個案創造正向的他人表徵與自我概念，並使個案有機會能夠體驗到正向的關係新經驗。  Interpersonal experience is the key factor for people to develop other-representation and to evaluate the environment. Most long-term psychotherapy clients’ issues stem from past negative experiences in interpersonal relationships. Individuals who have frequently experienced rejection during their growth process are susceptible to adopting the viewpoint that "the world is uncontrollable, and people are unpredictable and untrustworthy." Hence, the main purpose of this research is to explore the difference in other-representation, the transformation of self-concept during the long-term psychotherapy, and how counselors assist clients in changing their old pattern of other-representation and improving the self-concept. This is done to create new positive interpersonal relationship experiences. This study used semi-structured interviews to collect data from 6 counselors who primarily conducted long-term psychotherapy for clients. Each psychologist was individually interviewed once. The contents of the interviews focused on changes of other-representation, self-concept, and the influences of long-term counseling relationships on clients’ development of new interpersonal relationship experiences. After data collection, the verbatim transcription of each interview was analyzed in a phenomenological approach. The study aims to obtain the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy on the change of clients’ interpersonal relationship experience. The main findings of this study were as follows: (1) changes in other-representation; (2) changes in self-concept; (3) the factors that promote or interfere with the changes of clients. This study suggests that long-term psychotherapy can be conducive to creating positive other-representation and self-concept, and developing satisfying relationship patterns.