Development of a Novel Polyclonal Antibody-Based Immunoassay for the Quantitation of Non-Albumin Urinary Proteins

Abstract

Background: Better diagnostic methods to detect urinary proteinuria or albuminuria, important indicators of diabetic kidney disease, are needed. Here, we describe the development and performance qualification of a new immunoassay for the quantitation of non-albumin urinary proteins of 20 to 90 kilodaltons. Methods: Urinary proteins, purified from pooled, 24-hour, diabetic urines, were immunoabsorbed to remove albumin, electrophoretically characterized, and identified by mass spectrometry. Sheep anti-urinary protein polyclonal antibodies were immunoabsorbed to remove albumin reactivity. Major immunoreactive specificities of the polyclonal antibody were identified by Western blot. A polyclonal antibody-based competitive immunoassay was developed and performanceevaluated. An unpaired t-test (α = 0.05) and a receiver-operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate the measurement of 24-hour urinary protein excretion rates in distinguishing between normal, proteinuric, and albuminuric samples. Results: Approximately 380 mg of urinary protein was purified from 6.0 g of total urinary proteins. Mass spectrometry identified more than 36 different proteins in the purified preparation. The anti-urinary protein polyclonal antibody possessed significant immunoreactivity towards transferrin, IgG chains, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein, prostaglandin-H2-d-isomerase, and alpha-1-microglobulin. The competitive immunoassay exhibited excellent analytical and clinical performance. Measurement of urinary protein excretion rates could distinguish between normoproteinuric and proteinuric samples (p < 0.0001; area under the curve = 0.6900) and between normoalbuminuric and albuminuric samples (p < 0.0001; area under the curve = 0.8782). Conclusion: Measurement of urinary protein excretion rates using the urinary protein immunoassay is clinically equivalent to laboratory methods of quantitating total urinary protein or albumin in identifying proteinuria and albuminuria.