DNA

Abstract

The DNA contains the information that determines the cell phenotype. Epigenetic regulation of DNA transcription, repair of DNA damage, and tight control of the cell cycle are fundamental cell processes that determine the cellular heterogeneity, survival, plasticity, and repair in the nervous system. Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence (genetic code). Epigenetic mechanisms include: DNA methylation, histone and chromatin modifications, and effects of noncoding RNAs. Specific mutations in genes along these pathways can be associated with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. To maintain genomic stability, cells activate a DNA damage response that detects and repairs the damaged DNA cycle. The elucidation of these mechanisms has led to development of novel approaches including DNA editing for treatment.