Comparative analysis of normative legal acts on the execution of criminal penalties in the initial stage of the formation of the Russian state for the implementation of equality principle before the law

Nikolai S. Kovalev
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Abstract

The object of the study is the implementation of equality principle before the law by fixing equal rights and obligations of prisoners in the normative legal acts of the Soviet state. The subject of research: provisions of normative legal acts of the Provisional Government, departmental normative acts of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR and People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the RSFSR. As a methodological basis for cognition, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, de-duction are used, which allow us to investigate aspects of legal reality directly related to the implementation of the principles of penal enforcement (correctional labor) legislation, to formulate reasonable conclusions. Private scientific methods: formal-legal and comparative-legal – allow us to identify differences in the legal regulation of the legal status of prisoners in the pre-war period. As a result of the conducted research, we make a reasonable conclusion that the principle of equality before the law, although it was not enshrined in specific norms regulating the procedure for the execution and serving of imprisonment, however, was manifested in the provisions regulating the legal status of persons deprived of liberty. The notions of equality before the law of both citizens in general and prisoners in particular were not the fundamental basis of the legislation of the Soviet State. Prisoners were differentiated on the basis of social affiliation, due to: 1) the principle of class approach proclaimed by the Constitution of the RSFSR; 2) the functioning of two systems of places of deprivation of liberty for prisoners with different social status; 3) regulating the execution (serving) of sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty by various regulatory legal acts.
比较分析了规范性法律行为对刑事处罚执行的影响,在俄罗斯国家形成初期为法律面前平等原则的实施
研究的对象是通过在苏联国家规范性法律行为中规定囚犯的平等权利和义务,从而实现法律面前的平等原则。研究对象:临时政府规范性法律文件的规定、俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国司法人民委员部和俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国内务人民委员部的部门规范性文件。运用分析、综合、归纳、演绎等一般科学方法作为认识的方法论基础,对与刑事执行(劳教)立法原则实施直接相关的法律现实方面进行考察,得出合理结论。私人科学方法:正式法律和比较法律-使我们能够确定战前时期对囚犯法律地位的法律规定的差异。根据所进行的研究,我们得出了一个合理的结论,即法律面前人人平等的原则,虽然没有体现在规范执行和服刑程序的具体规范中,但却体现在规范被剥夺自由者法律地位的规定中。一般公民特别是囚犯在法律面前一律平等的观念并不是苏维埃国家立法的根本基础。囚犯在社会关系的基础上被区分,这是因为:1)俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国宪法所宣布的阶级原则;2)两种剥夺自由场所制度对不同社会地位囚犯的作用;(3)通过各种规制性法律行为,以剥夺自由的形式规范刑罚的执行(服刑)。
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