Bioavtur Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate through Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Processes

Indonesian Journal of Energy Pub Date : 2019-08-30 DOI:10.33116/ije.v2i2.40

J. S. Sabarman, Evita H. Legowo, D. Widiputri, A. R. Siregar

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引用次数: 6

Abstract

Increasing concern in fossil fuel depletion and CO2 emissions create an urgent need for biofuel substitution. Bio-jet fuel is a possible alternative for conventional jet fuels which currently accounts for 2% of the world’s CO2 emission. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is the byproduct of palm oil refinery process, which has a potential to become a promising raw material for the synthesis of bioavtur due to its high free fatty acid content. The oil-to-jet pathway is a possible route to produce bioavtur from PFAD, which includes hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization processes. This research aims to investigate the hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. The parameters that were investigated are temperature, solvent to PFAD ratio, catalyst loading, and pressure. The parameters variations were as follows: the temperature at 350oC and 400oC, the pressure at 40 bar and 32.5 bar, the solvent to PFAD ratio at 2:1 and 1:1, and the catalyst loading (%wt) at 1%, 2%, and 3%. Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 PIDO 120 1.3 was used for one-step hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. Results indicated that the 400oC provided better free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. FFA is also almost completely removed when the catalyst used is 3% weight. Solvent to PFAD ratio affected the FFA conversion marginally, while higher catalyst loading (3%) improved the FFA conversion. Gas chromatography results show that the hydrocarbon chains are successfully hydrocracked into C9-C17. The best selectivity of the product to bioavtur range was calculated at 68.99%. Solvent ratio affects the hydrocracking more significantly than the catalyst loading. One sample with temperature operation 400oC and solvent to PFAD ratio 1:1 was in the range of conventional avtur density. With the method used in this study, it can be concluded that PFAD is a promising raw material for bioavtur. Keywords: Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), hydrotreating, hydrocracking, bioavtur

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棕榈脂肪酸馏分加氢处理和加氢裂化工艺合成生物油

对化石燃料枯竭和二氧化碳排放的日益关注，迫切需要生物燃料替代品。生物喷气燃料是目前占世界二氧化碳排放量2%的传统喷气燃料的可能替代品。棕榈脂肪酸馏出物(PFAD)是棕榈油精炼过程的副产物，因其游离脂肪酸含量高，有潜力成为合成生物燃料的重要原料。从PFAD生产生物燃料的一个可能途径是石油到喷气的途径，包括加氢处理、加氢裂化和加氢异构化过程。本研究旨在探讨加氢处理和加氢裂化过程。研究的参数包括温度、溶剂与PFAD的比、催化剂负载和压力。温度为350℃和400℃，压力为40 bar和32.5 bar，溶剂与PFAD的比为2:1和1:1，催化剂的负载(%wt)为1%、2%和3%。采用预硫化NiMo/γ-Al2O3 PIDO 120 1.3进行一步加氢处理和加氢裂化工艺。结果表明，在400℃条件下，游离脂肪酸(FFA)转化效果较好。当催化剂重量为3%时，FFA也几乎完全去除。溶剂与PFAD的比例对FFA转化率影响不大，而较高的催化剂负载(3%)提高了FFA转化率。气相色谱分析结果表明，烃链成功加氢裂解为C9-C17。结果表明，该产物在生物转化率范围内的最佳选择性为68.99%。溶剂配比对加氢裂化反应的影响比催化剂用量更大。1个样品在温度操作400oC，溶剂与PFAD的比例为1:1的情况下，在常规密度范围内。通过本研究的方法可以得出结论，PFAD是一种很有前途的生物燃料原料。关键词:棕榈脂肪酸馏出物;加氢处理;加氢裂化

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Indonesian Journal of Energy

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