Conclusion

Abstract

Russian émigré activities took place in crowded meeting halls, in Bavarian hotels, in Frankfurt print shops, in posh New York office buildings, at balloon launch sites in German forests, and in the more intimate setting of safe houses in West Berlin. In the late 1950s, the émigrés’ struggle to free Russia found a new setting: tourist centers in Western Europe. With the slow opening up of the USSR after Stalin’s death, the CIA increasingly focused its human-intelligence operations on the exploitation of different forms of cross-bloc movement such as tourism, travel by official delegations, and academic exchanges....