Electric Vehicles as Frequency Containment Reserve Providers

Abstract

Integration of renewable energy sources accompanied with decommission of fossil fueled power plants inherently results in lack of power system flexibility. In turn, this reduced flexibility calls for additional balancing services. In parallel to this, the process of transport sector electrification is in place and the large fleets of electric vehicles (EVs) could prove to be one of the solutions for increased power system flexibility needs. If managed adequately, EVs could be able to provide the missing balancing services. In this paper, a model of EV day-ahead market and frequency containment reserve bidding is defined in order to asses the potential challenges that could arise during such service provision. Special attention is given to the EV battery state of energy, since the batteries are energy-limited resources and specific issues may arise both at individual EV and fleet level.