Digital Video Watermarking Based on Histogram and Temporal Modulation and Robust to Camcorder Recording

Abstract

This paper presents a blind digital video watermarking scheme, which is especially robust to camcorder recording attacks and also to a variety of common video processing and geometric distortions. Using the fact that nearby frames of a video sequence are quite similar, the method embeds the watermark by temporal modulation of the frames. The watermark pattern used in modulation is generated based on the pixel-value histogram, which makes extraction free from geometric synchronization. To make it imperceptible, the watermark is adjusted according roughly to the Human Visual System. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method to camcorder recording attacks also involving geometric distortions and other video processing attacks such as MPEG and other compressions.