Design of optimized integrated optical phase modulators with graphene

Abstract

Integrated optical phase modulators based on silicon waveguides with graphene are optimized through the design of the waveguide for operation with quasi-TE or quasi-TM modes using numerical simulations. Higher performance is achieved for quasi-TM mode operation with VπL=0.5 V.mm and for the quasi-TE mode VπL=0.9 V.mm, electro-optical bandwidths of up to 2.85 GHz is achieved.