Vikings in Hungary? The Theory of the Varangian-Rus’ Bodyguard of the First Hungarian Rulers

Abstract

The possible presence of Scandinavians in the Carpathian Basin during the early Middle Ages is discussed in relation to pertinent literary sources, toponyms, and linguistic and archaeological evidence. On the basis of this evidence, the historical thesis current in Hungary, namely that the bodyguard of Grand Prince Geza and King Saint Stephen I consisted of Varangian-Rus’ mercenaries, is challenged. Although the settled presence of Vikings in early medieval Hungary is unattested, the sources hint at some contacts involving commercial and military co-operation between Scandinavians and Hungarians from as early as the ninth century.