The Robustness of the VSSD Watermarking Algorithm to UDFF Image Deformations

Abstract

The first part of the paper describes the Variable Steps on the Schur Decomposition (VSSD) algorithm for watermark insertion and extraction. After that, the User-Defined Force Fields (UDFF) algorithm for image deformation is described. The second part of the paper describes an experiment within which robustness of the watermarked image (inserted by the VSSD algorithm,) that had been deformed by UDFF algorithm, was tested. Objective quality measures (MSE, PSNR, AMBE, SSIM, and NC) between the inserted and extracted watermark were calculated. The results are presented graphically. At the end, watermark robustness was determined by analyzing the results.