Revisiting the nature of dark sunspots: not magnetic, but thermal activity of the Sun

Abstract

This article is a continuation of the works1-4 of the author, devoted to elucidating the physical nature of dark sunspots. It has been proven that the scientific paradigm of dark cold sunspots prevailing in solar physics is erroneous, since it contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. It has been proven that dark sunspots in the solar photosphere can only be hotter than the photosphere, and their visual darkness is of a non-thermal nature. Sunspots are the hottest areas of the Sun's surface, the temperature of which is ~ 6∙106 K, and they are the cause and sources of thermal energy of solar activity phenomena. The physical and empirical inconsistency of the concept of the magnetic activity of the Sun and the processes of magnetic reconnection in the solar atmosphere is proved. All unsolved problems of solar physics, including the heating of the corona, are due to the false paradigm of cold sunspots.