New Families of 2D & 3D Arrays for Sub-image Watermarking

Abstract

This paper presents new families of two and three-dimensional arrays designed for watermarking. The array construction is algebraic, based on finite fields. The arrays have good auto and cross-correlation with other family members. The family size is large enough to be used in watermarking at the point of origin, providing a unique watermark for every video and image. Such watermarks have applications in surveillance, sub-image object tracking and as fingerprints for proof of tampering, audit trail monitoring and traitor tracing.