Stabilization Of Passively Made-locked Semiconductor Laser Repetition Frequency

R. HeIkey, D. Derickson, A. Mar, J. Wasserbauer, J. Bowers, R. Thornton
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Abstract

Passively mode-locked semiconductor diode lasers have demonstrated repetition frequencies up to 350 GHz [l]. However, most applications for optical pulses with a millimeterwave repetition frequency require that the repetition frequency be stable, and synchronized to a low frequency reference. This stabilization can be provided by hybrid mode-locking, where current injection is used for gain modulation. However current injection is limited by the electrical parasitics of the contacts. We demonstrate for the first time feedback stabilization of passively mode-locked semiconductor diode lasers. This technique is useful for stcbillzing millimeter-wave repetition frequency mode-locked devices as it is not limited by the laser contact elecmcal parasitics. Electrical feedback has previously been used to stabilize a mode-locked dye laser and color center laser using a piezoelectric tuning element to adjust the cavity length [2]. This stabilization technique is unique in that the photodetection and frequency tuning functions are monolithically integrated into the laser structure. The experimental mode-locking configuration is shown in Figure 1. The active device was a 360 pm long GaAs/AlGaAs bulk active region laser fabricated using impurity induced disordering [3]. The laser was antireflection (AR) coated on one facet and coupled to a 5 GHz external cavity. A reversed biased 8 pm long absorber was used as a saturable absorber to produce passive mode-locking. The absorber was also used as a photodetector to generate an electrical output at the pulse repetition frequency. Feedback stabilization requires control of the repetition frequency by a DC signal. Previously we demonstrated repetition frequency tuning by current injection of a short segment [4]. The two parameters that can be used for repetition frequency tuning of a semiconductor laser are forward current for gain sections and reverse voltage for absorbing sections. The repetition frequency and power dependence on gain and absorber bias is shown in Figure 2. The repetition frequency can be tuned with very little power variation using the absorber voltage, which reduces AM noise to FM noise conversion in the stabilization process. In contrast, varying the gain segment current causes a much larger change in output power and a smaller repetition frequency tuning range. Several mechanisms can vary the pulse repetition frequency as a function of bias. One is carrier dependent changes in group velocity, which determines the pulse transit time through the laser. Another mechanism is a change in the gain or absorption saturation. Saturable gain and absorption changes cause a shift in the pulse center and therefore the effective cavity round trip time. The electrical network for feedback stabilization is shown in Figure 1. The short segment is used as a saturable absorber, photodetector, and a repetition frequency tuning element. The resulting phase noise shown in Figure 3 was measured using an external high speed photodetector. The phase noise after stabilization was unchanged at carrier offsets much greater than the feedback loop bandwidth of 30 InHz. For carrier offsets below the stabilization loop bandwidth, the optical output tracks the electrical reference. The unstabilized phase noise has a slope of 20dB/decade, which is a result of frequency modulation by a white noise source. This electrical feedback technique can be extended into the millimeter-wave band using monolithic cavity devices. A low frequency reference signal can be used together with a sampling mixer to allow stabilization of an optically generated millimeter-wave signal. This research was supported by a National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator award. R. Helkey was supported by a Newport Research Fellowship.
被动制锁半导体激光器重复频率的稳定
被动锁模半导体二极管激光器已经证明重复频率高达350 GHz[1]。然而,大多数具有毫米波重复频率的光脉冲应用要求重复频率稳定,并与低频参考同步。这种稳定可以通过混合锁模提供,其中电流注入用于增益调制。然而,电流注入受到触点电寄生的限制。我们首次证明了被动锁模半导体二极管激光器的反馈稳定。该技术不受激光接触电寄生的限制,可用于毫米波重复频率锁模器件的抑制。电反馈先前已被用于稳定锁模染料激光器和色心激光器,使用压电调谐元件来调节腔长[2]。这种稳定技术的独特之处在于光探测和频率调谐功能被集成到激光结构中。实验锁模配置如图1所示。有源器件是用杂质诱导无序[3]制备的长360 pm的GaAs/AlGaAs体有源激光器。该激光器在一个面上涂有抗反射(AR)涂层,并耦合到一个5 GHz的外腔。一个反向偏置8 pm长的吸收器被用作可饱和吸收器来产生被动锁模。吸收器还用作光电探测器,以脉冲重复频率产生电输出。反馈稳定需要用直流信号控制重复频率。之前我们演示了通过短段[4]注入电流来实现重复频率调谐。可用于半导体激光器重复频率调谐的两个参数是用于增益部分的正向电流和用于吸收部分的反向电压。重复频率和功率对增益和吸收偏置的依赖如图2所示。利用吸收器电压可以在很小的功率变化下调谐重复频率,从而减少了稳定过程中调幅噪声到调频噪声的转换。相反,改变增益段电流会导致输出功率的更大变化和更小的重复频率调谐范围。有几种机制可以改变脉冲重复频率作为偏置的函数。一是载流子相关的群速度变化,这决定了脉冲通过激光的传输时间。另一种机制是增益或吸收饱和度的变化。饱和增益和吸收的变化会引起脉冲中心的移位,从而导致有效腔的往返时间。反馈稳定的电气网络如图1所示。短段用作可饱和吸收器、光电探测器和重复频率调谐元件。由此产生的相位噪声如图3所示,是使用外部高速光电探测器测量的。稳定后的相位噪声在远大于反馈环路带宽30inhz的载波偏移量时保持不变。对于低于稳定环路带宽的载波偏移量,光输出跟踪电参考。不稳定相位噪声的斜率为20dB/ 10,这是白噪声源调制频率的结果。这种电反馈技术可以使用单片腔器件扩展到毫米波波段。低频参考信号可以与采样混频器一起使用,以稳定光产生的毫米波信号。这项研究得到了国家科学基金会总统青年研究员奖的支持。R. Helkey得到了Newport Research Fellowship的资助。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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