Western Studies on the Sovietization of Eastern Europe

Xiaozhong Zhu
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Abstract

Abstract This paper reviews the studies of Western scholars on the Sovietization of Eastern Europe. Internationally, Sovietization was a significant component of the Soviet Union’s strategy in Eastern Europe after 1945. The Sovietization of Eastern Europe involved regulating international relations, defining the boundaries of these countries, determining the ethnic makeup of these countries through expulsion and population transfer, participating in the drafting of these countries’ constitutions, and deciding the composition of their governments. It is believed that Sovietization aimed to change all aspects of human experience and fundamentally rebuild cultural life, making the Soviet official ideology the guiding ideology of individual life in Eastern European countries. In the view of Western scholars, Sovietization led to two consequences. Firstly, it enabled the Soviet Union to hijack Eastern European countries to form the Eastern Bloc, and through COMECON and the Warsaw Pact, the Soviet Union long controlled Eastern European countries, causing the majority of them to become one side of the Cold War, to deviate from their original socio-economic development trajectory, and to become “The Other” of Europe. Secondly, Sovietization was incompatible with the historical, political, and economic traditions of Eastern European countries in many ways, resulting in Eastern European countries seeking development paths that were in line with their national characteristics and interests in different ways since the mid-1950s, and ultimately leading to dramatic changes in Eastern European politics from 1989 to 1991, completely abandoning the Soviet model and returning to the Western political and economic development models that existed in these countries between the two World Wars.
东欧苏维埃化的西方研究
摘要本文回顾了西方学者对东欧苏维埃化的研究。在国际上,苏联化是1945年后苏联在东欧战略的重要组成部分。东欧的苏维埃化包括调节国际关系,划定这些国家的边界,通过驱逐和人口转移确定这些国家的民族构成,参与起草这些国家的宪法,决定这些国家的政府组成。认为苏维埃化旨在改变人类经验的方方面面,从根本上重建文化生活,使苏联官方意识形态成为东欧国家个人生活的指导意识形态。在西方学者看来,苏联化导致了两个后果。首先,它使苏联能够劫持东欧国家形成东方集团,并通过COMECON和华约长期控制东欧国家,使它们中的大多数成为冷战的一方,偏离了原有的社会经济发展轨迹,成为欧洲的“他者”。其次,苏联化在许多方面与东欧国家的历史、政治、经济传统不相容,导致东欧国家从20世纪50年代中期开始以不同的方式寻求符合其民族特点和利益的发展道路,最终导致1989 - 1991年东欧政治发生巨大变化。完全放弃苏联模式,回归到两次世界大战之间这些国家存在的西方政治和经济发展模式。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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