APPENDIX:

Abstract

Acronyms for Organizations and the Terms Related to Lubricants, Lubrication, and Tribology †667‡ AAM—Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. AAMA—American Automobile Manufacturer Association. ACC—American Chemistry Council. Abrasion „Abrasive Wear...—A process in which hard particles or surface roughness protuberances are forced against and moving along a solid surface causing displacement of material. Also, see Abrasive Erosion. Abrasive Erosion—Erosive wear caused by the relative motion of solid particles which are entrained in a fluid, moving nearly parallel to a solid surface. ACEA—Association des Constructeurs Européens de l’Automobile Association of European Automotive Manufacturers. Acidity—The amount of free acid in any substance. Acid Number—A measure of the amount of potassium hydroxide KOH needed to neutralize all or part of the acidity in a petroleum product. ACS—American Chemical Society. Additive—In lubrication, a material added to a base stock for the purpose of imparting new properties or of enhancing its existing properties. Major classes of additives include dispersants, detergents, oxidation inhibitors, viscosity modifiers, and antiwear/extreme pressure agents. Additive Treat Level—The total percentage of all additives in a lubricating oil or grease. Adherence—Physical attachment, either by adhesion or by other means, of a material to a surface. Adhesion—Attraction or joining of two materials. The strength of adhesion is reflected by the force or forces necessary to separate them. In frictional contacts, adhesion is the attractive force between adjacent surfaces. In physical chemistry, it is the attraction between a solid surface, such as metal and a second liquid or solid phase, such as lubricating grease. In some instances, adhesion is reversible but in others, it is irreversible. When adhesion is solely due to interlocking of the asperities, it is called mechanical adhesion. Adhesive Wear—Wear caused by the transfer of material from one surface to another during movement tearing of the solid-phase welded surfaces. Welding occurs due to frictional heat resulting from metal-to-metal contact. The particles removed from one surface are either permanently or temporarily attached to the other surface. AF,AFR—Air/Fuel Ratio. AFNOR—Association Française de Normalisation. AFV—Alternative Fuel Vehicle. Age Hardening—An increase in consistency hardening of greases over time. Also see Thixotropy. AGELFI—Co-operative Research Organisation of the oil companies AGIP, ELF and FINA. AGMA—American Gear Manufacturers’ Association. AGO—Automotive Gas Oil. AHEM—Association of Hydraulic Equipment Manufacturers. Air Entrainment—Incorporation of air in the form of bubbles as a dispersed phase in the bulk liquid. Air entrainment may be because of the mechanics of the system or by the release of the dissolved air due to a sudden change in environment, or both. Appearance of a liquid, such as being bubbly, opaque, etc., is an indication of air entrainment. It is important to note that the dissolved air can only be determined by analysis. Alkali—While chemically any substance with basic properties alkaline is considered an alkali, the term usually implies hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. The last three are members of the class of alkali metals. These substances are water soluble and have the ability to neutralize acids. The term is also extended to the hydroxides of the alkaline earth metals, such as magnesium, calcium, barium, and strontium. Alkylaromatics „Alkylbenzene and Alkylnaphthalene...—These additives, made by the alkylation of benzene and naphthalene, are used as base fluids as well as sulfonated to sulfonic acids to make detergent additives. Alkylbenzenesulfonic and Alkylnaphthalenesulfonic Acids—These are used to make detergent additives by their reaction with an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal base, with or without carbon dioxide. Alkylphenol—Product of alkylation of phenol. Some alkylphenols, such as 2,6-di-t-butylphenol and its derivatives are used as oxidation inhibitors in lubricants. Others, such as dodecylphenol, are converted into metal salts, called phenates, for use as detergent additives. Alkylsalicylic Acid—Made from alkylphenol by base catalyzed carbonation. Used as a starting material for making alkaline earth metal salicylate detergents for use in engine oils. Almen EP Lubricant Tester—A journal bearing machine used for determining load-carrying capacity or extreme pressure properties of the gear lubricants, or both. ALTENER—Alternative Energy Programme of the European Commission. AMT—Automated Manual Transmission. ANFAVEA—Auto Manufacturers Association Brazil . Anhydrous—Free of water. Term is often used to describe lubricating grease. Aniline Point—The lowest temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and a hydrocarbon liquid fuel or lubricant base stock are completely miscible. A lower aniline point is a measure of high aromatic content of the liquid. Aniline point is used to assess solvency of a base stock or the cetane number of distillate diesel fuel. A product of high aniline point will be low in aromatics and naphthenes and, therefore, high in paraffins. In conjunction with API gravity, the aniline point may also be used to calculate the net heat of combustion of aviation fuels. ANSI—American National Standards Institute. Anticorrosion Additive—See Corrosion Inhibitor. Antifoam Agent/Additive—See Foam Inhibitor. Antifriction Bearing—A type of bearing that employs