Unequal carbon tax impacts on 38 million German households: assessing spatial and socio-economic hotspots

Johannes Többen, Peter-Paul Pichler, Ingram S Jaccard, K. Kratena, D. Moran, Heran Zheng, H. Weisz
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Abstract

Carbon pricing is a core climate policy in many countries. However, the distribution of impacts is highly unequal across income brackets, but also across household types and regions. The complex interplay between household characteristics and location specific factors such as building stock and transport infrastructure considerably hampers our understanding of the inequality impacts of carbon taxes and the development of remedial measures. In this paper, we simulate the impacts of carbon taxes and compensation on the purchasing power of more than 38 million German households living in over 11 000 municipalities. We find that the strength of impacts varies more within income groups (horizontal inequality) than across income groups (vertical inequality), based on demographic, socio-economic and geographic factors. Without compensation, a carbon tax of €50 per ton doubles the number of households at risk of becoming energy poor, the majority of them low-income families in remotely located small and medium cities. A lump sum payment of €100 per capita and year reduces inequality impacts and additional energy poverty risk substantially.
不平等的碳税对3800万德国家庭的影响:评估空间和社会经济热点
碳定价是许多国家的核心气候政策。然而,影响的分布在不同的收入阶层、不同的家庭类型和不同的地区之间高度不平等。家庭特征与特定地点因素(如建筑存量和交通基础设施)之间复杂的相互作用,极大地阻碍了我们对碳税不平等影响的理解和补救措施的制定。在本文中,我们模拟了碳税和补偿对生活在11,000多个城市的3800多万德国家庭购买力的影响。我们发现,基于人口、社会经济和地理因素,影响的强度在收入群体内部(横向不平等)比在收入群体之间(纵向不平等)差异更大。在没有补偿的情况下,每吨50欧元的碳税会使面临能源匮乏风险的家庭数量增加一倍,其中大多数是偏远中小城市的低收入家庭。每人每年一次性支付100欧元,大大减少了不平等影响和额外的能源贫困风险。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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