Romi u Stupniku: primjer demografskog i socioekonomskog položaja Roma uoči Drugoga svjetskog rata

Alen Tahiri
{"title":"Romi u Stupniku: primjer demografskog i socioekonomskog položaja Roma uoči Drugoga svjetskog rata","authors":"Alen Tahiri","doi":"10.11567/met.37.1.1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyses nine Roma families who lived in Stupnik Municipality; more precisely, in the villages of Žitarka and Razborišće, on the eve of World War II. The research draws from a questionnaire used by the municipal authorities in late August 1939 to survey and register the Roma men and women from those families, seeking to implement a policy of the Banovina authorities aimed at better controlling the migration of Roma people. Nowadays, these files are kept at the State Archives in Zagreb, in the holdings of the Administrative Municipality of Stupnik. The analysis of these data served as a basis for examining the demographic and socio-economic structure of individual Roma families in inter-war Croatia, more specifically, in the Banovina of Croatia. The first piece of data from the 1939 census of Stupnik Roma that can be analysed is their demographic structure. The average age of the total of 30 registered Roma was 26.9 years, which indicates a middle age structure. Roma parents were on average 35.2 years old, while the average age of their children was 16.4 years, which merely confirms their middle age structure. These data correspond to the age structure of Roma in other areas of inter-war Croatia, where approximately 44% of all Roma registered in the Sava Banovina in 1931 were between 20 and 59 years old. The family structure shows that the nine registered Roma families had an average of 3.5 members, while three families had no children. Almost all families consisted of a married couple with or without children, while only one family included a mother-in-law (husband›s mother). This file also reveals whether the Roma were legally married or lived in a “concubinage”, i.e. in an extramarital union. Half of the Roma couples were legally married, while the other half were unmarried. The issue of marriage legality is followed by the issue of their attitudes to religion, especially when it comes to the baptism of children. All Roma interviewed stated that they had been baptised, as well as their children, which suggests that the registered Roma from Stupnik were religious insofar as they and their children had been baptised, but the documents themselves provide no insight into their personal attitude toward religion. A review of the data from the Roma census enables an analysis of their economic position and migration routes. All registered Roma people stated that they were engaged in agriculture on small plots of land. When it comes to migration, it is important to point out that those Roma lived a sedentary lifestyle. Comparison between the birthplace of the registered Roma and the place of their residence in Stupnik municipality shows that they had been migrating only within the wider Zagreb area. In addition, data were collected on their plans to emigrate from their (Stupnik) municipality, with all registered Roma stating that they intended to stay in that area, which further underlines the high level of their social integration. The final question of the interviews with the Roma was related to military service. These data reveal that a part of the Roma served in the army during World War I, while the second part was declared unfit for the army, although some of them also took part in military operations during the war. The analysis of the above data leads to certain conclusions. In 1939, nine Roma families with a total of 27 members lived in Stupnik municipality. They were permanent residents of the villages of Žitarka and Razborišće. Their average age of 26 corresponds to the average age of registered Roma in the Sava Banovina. Most Roma families consisted of a mother and father with children, while only one of them included a mother-in-law. Half of the Roma partners were legally married, while the other half were unmarried or living in concubinage. It is interesting to note that all registered Roma had been baptised, which can be explained by a certain level of adaptation to the local environment. The analysis of the above data reveals that the majority of Roma households were engaged in agriculture, while a minor part were workers. The Stupnik authorities were particularly interested in where the Roma had immigrated from and whether they intended to stay or relocate. All registered Roma were born and lived near Stupnik municipality, mostly in the areas of Sv. Klara, Sv. Nedjelja and Samobor. The question concerning military service also reveals the attitude of the Roma towards state authorities. These data are diverse, too. While some stated that they had actively fought in World War I, others had been declared unfit. Further research into the history of the Stupnik Roma shows that the municipal authorities registered Roma twice in two years (in May 1940 and in July 1941). That was in line with the local provisions of official authorities for resolving the issue of relations with the Roma. Those Roma were also victims of the Ustasha genocidal policy of Roma extermination. In early June 1942, they were forcibly evicted and deported to the Jasenovac concentration camp, where they were killed. This historicaldemographic and socio-economic analysis of the Roma community in a certain area aims to contribute to a better understanding of the history of the Roma in Croatia.","PeriodicalId":259479,"journal":{"name":"Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.11567/met.37.1.1","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

The paper analyses nine Roma families who lived in Stupnik Municipality; more precisely, in the villages of Žitarka and Razborišće, on the eve of World War II. The research draws from a questionnaire used by the municipal authorities in late August 1939 to survey and register the Roma men and women from those families, seeking to implement a policy of the Banovina authorities aimed at better controlling the migration of Roma people. Nowadays, these files are kept at the State Archives in Zagreb, in the holdings of the Administrative Municipality of Stupnik. The analysis of these data served as a basis for examining the demographic and socio-economic structure of individual Roma families in inter-war Croatia, more specifically, in the Banovina of Croatia. The first piece of data from the 1939 census of Stupnik Roma that can be analysed is their demographic structure. The average age of the total of 30 registered Roma was 26.9 years, which indicates a middle age structure. Roma parents were on average 35.2 years old, while the average age of their children was 16.4 years, which merely confirms their middle age structure. These data correspond to the age structure of Roma in other areas of inter-war Croatia, where approximately 44% of all Roma registered in the Sava Banovina in 1931 were between 20 and 59 years old. The family structure shows that the nine registered Roma families had an average of 3.5 members, while three families had no children. Almost all families consisted of a married couple with or without children, while only one family included a mother-in-law (husband›s mother). This file also reveals whether the Roma were legally married or lived in a “concubinage”, i.e. in an extramarital union. Half of the Roma couples were legally married, while the other half were unmarried. The issue of marriage legality is followed by the issue of their attitudes to religion, especially when it comes to the baptism of children. All Roma interviewed stated that they had been baptised, as well as their children, which suggests that the registered Roma from Stupnik were religious insofar as they and their children had been baptised, but the documents themselves provide no insight into their personal attitude toward religion. A review of the data from the Roma census enables an analysis of their economic position and migration routes. All registered Roma people stated that they were engaged in agriculture on small plots of land. When it comes to migration, it is important to point out that those Roma lived a sedentary lifestyle. Comparison between the birthplace of the registered Roma and the place of their residence in Stupnik municipality shows that they had been migrating only within the wider Zagreb area. In addition, data were collected on their plans to emigrate from their (Stupnik) municipality, with all registered Roma stating that they intended to stay in that area, which further underlines the high level of their social integration. The final question of the interviews with the Roma was related to military service. These data reveal that a part of the Roma served in the army during World War I, while the second part was declared unfit for the army, although some of them also took part in military operations during the war. The analysis of the above data leads to certain conclusions. In 1939, nine Roma families with a total of 27 members lived in Stupnik municipality. They were permanent residents of the villages of Žitarka and Razborišće. Their average age of 26 corresponds to the average age of registered Roma in the Sava Banovina. Most Roma families consisted of a mother and father with children, while only one of them included a mother-in-law. Half of the Roma partners were legally married, while the other half were unmarried or living in concubinage. It is interesting to note that all registered Roma had been baptised, which can be explained by a certain level of adaptation to the local environment. The analysis of the above data reveals that the majority of Roma households were engaged in agriculture, while a minor part were workers. The Stupnik authorities were particularly interested in where the Roma had immigrated from and whether they intended to stay or relocate. All registered Roma were born and lived near Stupnik municipality, mostly in the areas of Sv. Klara, Sv. Nedjelja and Samobor. The question concerning military service also reveals the attitude of the Roma towards state authorities. These data are diverse, too. While some stated that they had actively fought in World War I, others had been declared unfit. Further research into the history of the Stupnik Roma shows that the municipal authorities registered Roma twice in two years (in May 1940 and in July 1941). That was in line with the local provisions of official authorities for resolving the issue of relations with the Roma. Those Roma were also victims of the Ustasha genocidal policy of Roma extermination. In early June 1942, they were forcibly evicted and deported to the Jasenovac concentration camp, where they were killed. This historicaldemographic and socio-economic analysis of the Roma community in a certain area aims to contribute to a better understanding of the history of the Roma in Croatia.
本文分析了居住在斯图普尼克市的9个罗姆家庭;更准确地说,是在第二次世界大战前夕的Žitarka和Razborišće村。这项研究取材于1939年8月下旬市政当局为调查和登记来自这些家庭的罗姆人男女而使用的一份调查表,以期执行巴诺维纳当局旨在更好地控制罗姆人移徙的政策。如今,这些档案保存在萨格勒布的国家档案馆,由斯图普尼克行政市管理。对这些数据的分析是审查战争期间克罗地亚,更具体地说,克罗地亚巴诺维纳个别罗姆家庭的人口和社会经济结构的基础。1939年斯图普尼克罗姆人口普查的第一个可以分析的数据是他们的人口结构。登记在册的30名罗姆人的平均年龄为26.9岁,属于中年结构。罗姆人父母的平均年龄为35.2岁,子女的平均年龄为16.4岁,这只是证实了他们的中年结构。这些数据与克罗地亚战争期间其他地区罗姆人的年龄结构相符,1931年在萨瓦巴诺维纳登记的罗姆人中,约44%的人年龄在20至59岁之间。家庭结构显示,9个登记的罗姆人家庭平均有3.5名成员,而3个家庭没有子女。几乎所有的家庭都是有孩子或没有孩子的已婚夫妇,而只有一个家庭有婆婆(丈夫的母亲)。该档案还揭示了罗姆人是合法结婚还是“纳妾”生活,即婚外结合。一半的罗姆夫妇是合法结婚的,而另一半是未婚的。紧随婚姻合法性问题之后的是他们对宗教的态度问题,尤其是在儿童洗礼问题上。所有接受采访的罗姆人都说,他们和他们的孩子都接受了洗礼,这表明来自斯图普尼克的登记罗姆人是有宗教信仰的,因为他们和他们的孩子都接受了洗礼,但这些文件本身并没有说明他们个人对宗教的态度。对罗姆人人口普查数据的审查可以分析他们的经济地位和移民路线。所有登记的罗姆人都说,他们在小块土地上从事农业。说到移民,必须指出的是,那些罗姆人过着久坐不动的生活方式。将已登记罗姆人的出生地与他们在斯图普尼克市的居住地进行比较可以看出,他们只是在萨格勒布广大地区内迁移。此外,还收集了他们计划从斯图普尼克市迁出的数据,所有登记的罗姆人都表示他们打算留在该地区,这进一步强调了他们的社会融合程度很高。采访罗姆人的最后一个问题与服兵役有关。这些数据表明,一部分罗姆人在第一次世界大战期间在军队服役,而另一部分被宣布不适合参军,尽管他们中的一些人在战争期间也参加了军事行动。通过对上述数据的分析,可以得出一定的结论。1939年,共有27名成员的9个罗姆家庭住在斯图普尼克市。他们是Žitarka和Razborišće村的常住居民。他们的平均年龄为26岁,与萨瓦巴诺维纳登记的罗姆人的平均年龄相当。大多数罗姆人家庭由父母带孩子组成,其中只有一个家庭有婆婆。一半的罗姆人伴侣是合法结婚的,而另一半未婚或纳妾。有趣的是,所有登记在册的罗姆人都接受了洗礼,这可以解释为对当地环境的一定程度的适应。对上述数据的分析表明,大多数罗姆人家庭从事农业,而一小部分是工人。斯图普尼克当局特别感兴趣的是罗姆人从哪里移民而来,以及他们是否打算留下来或重新安置。所有登记在册的罗姆人都在斯图普尼克市附近出生和居住,大部分在Sv地区。美妙的,Sv。Nedjelja和Samobor。关于服兵役的问题也揭示了罗姆人对国家当局的态度。这些数据也是多种多样的。虽然有些人说他们积极参加了第一次世界大战,但其他人被宣布不适合。对斯图普尼克罗姆人历史的进一步研究表明,市政当局在两年内两次对罗姆人进行登记(1940年5月和1941年7月)。这符合官方当局解决与罗姆人关系问题的当地规定。这些罗姆人也是乌斯塔沙灭绝罗姆人种族灭绝政策的受害者。 本文分析了居住在斯图普尼克市的9个罗姆家庭;更准确地说,是在第二次世界大战前夕的Žitarka和Razborišće村。这项研究取材于1939年8月下旬市政当局为调查和登记来自这些家庭的罗姆人男女而使用的一份调查表,以期执行巴诺维纳当局旨在更好地控制罗姆人移徙的政策。如今,这些档案保存在萨格勒布的国家档案馆,由斯图普尼克行政市管理。对这些数据的分析是审查战争期间克罗地亚,更具体地说,克罗地亚巴诺维纳个别罗姆家庭的人口和社会经济结构的基础。1939年斯图普尼克罗姆人口普查的第一个可以分析的数据是他们的人口结构。登记在册的30名罗姆人的平均年龄为26.9岁,属于中年结构。罗姆人父母的平均年龄为35.2岁,子女的平均年龄为16.4岁,这只是证实了他们的中年结构。这些数据与克罗地亚战争期间其他地区罗姆人的年龄结构相符,1931年在萨瓦巴诺维纳登记的罗姆人中,约44%的人年龄在20至59岁之间。家庭结构显示,9个登记的罗姆人家庭平均有3.5名成员,而3个家庭没有子女。几乎所有的家庭都是有孩子或没有孩子的已婚夫妇,而只有一个家庭有婆婆(丈夫的母亲)。该档案还揭示了罗姆人是合法结婚还是“纳妾”生活,即婚外结合。一半的罗姆夫妇是合法结婚的,而另一半是未婚的。紧随婚姻合法性问题之后的是他们对宗教的态度问题,尤其是在儿童洗礼问题上。所有接受采访的罗姆人都说,他们和他们的孩子都接受了洗礼,这表明来自斯图普尼克的登记罗姆人是有宗教信仰的,因为他们和他们的孩子都接受了洗礼,但这些文件本身并没有说明他们个人对宗教的态度。对罗姆人人口普查数据的审查可以分析他们的经济地位和移民路线。所有登记的罗姆人都说,他们在小块土地上从事农业。说到移民,必须指出的是,那些罗姆人过着久坐不动的生活方式。将已登记罗姆人的出生地与他们在斯图普尼克市的居住地进行比较可以看出,他们只是在萨格勒布广大地区内迁移。此外,还收集了他们计划从斯图普尼克市迁出的数据,所有登记的罗姆人都表示他们打算留在该地区,这进一步强调了他们的社会融合程度很高。采访罗姆人的最后一个问题与服兵役有关。这些数据表明,一部分罗姆人在第一次世界大战期间在军队服役,而另一部分被宣布不适合参军,尽管他们中的一些人在战争期间也参加了军事行动。通过对上述数据的分析,可以得出一定的结论。1939年,共有27名成员的9个罗姆家庭住在斯图普尼克市。他们是Žitarka和Razborišće村的常住居民。他们的平均年龄为26岁,与萨瓦巴诺维纳登记的罗姆人的平均年龄相当。大多数罗姆人家庭由父母带孩子组成,其中只有一个家庭有婆婆。一半的罗姆人伴侣是合法结婚的,而另一半未婚或纳妾。有趣的是,所有登记在册的罗姆人都接受了洗礼,这可以解释为对当地环境的一定程度的适应。对上述数据的分析表明,大多数罗姆人家庭从事农业,而一小部分是工人。斯图普尼克当局特别感兴趣的是罗姆人从哪里移民而来,以及他们是否打算留下来或重新安置。所有登记在册的罗姆人都在斯图普尼克市附近出生和居住,大部分在Sv地区。美妙的,Sv。Nedjelja和Samobor。关于服兵役的问题也揭示了罗姆人对国家当局的态度。这些数据也是多种多样的。虽然有些人说他们积极参加了第一次世界大战,但其他人被宣布不适合。对斯图普尼克罗姆人历史的进一步研究表明,市政当局在两年内两次对罗姆人进行登记(1940年5月和1941年7月)。这符合官方当局解决与罗姆人关系问题的当地规定。这些罗姆人也是乌斯塔沙灭绝罗姆人种族灭绝政策的受害者。 1942年6月初,他们被强行驱逐并驱逐到贾塞诺瓦茨集中营,并在那里被杀害。对某一地区罗姆人社区的历史、人口和社会经济分析旨在有助于更好地了解克罗地亚罗姆人的历史。 1942年6月初,他们被强行驱逐并驱逐到贾塞诺瓦茨集中营,并在那里被杀害。对某一地区罗姆人社区的历史、人口和社会经济分析旨在有助于更好地了解克罗地亚罗姆人的历史。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信