Revision of the species of the subgenera of Exomalopsis Spinola, 1853 ocurring in South America. II – Phanomalopsis Michener & Moure, 1957 (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Abstract

A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the species of Exomalopsis (Phanomalopsis) are presented. E. diminuta Silveira is removed from this subgenus. This species and E. dubia, described here as new, may be part of E. (Diomalopsis); however, they are left as incertae sedis in Exomalopsis until their males are discovered. Twelve species are recognized in E. (Phanomalopsis), four of which (E. eremalis, E. griswoldi, E. gualamba and E. perikalles) are described as new. The males of E. jenseni Friese, E. dasypoda Strand, and E. atlantica Silveira and the female of E. testaceinervis Brèthes are described for the first time. New synonymies are recognized and a key is presented for the identification of the species. Phylogenetic analyses reveal three main lineages in the subgenus – 1) E. solitaria Brèthes, restricted to temperate semidesert areas of Argentina and Bolivia and which is sister to all other species; 2) the aureosericea species-group, including E. trifasciata Brèthes, E. perikalles sp.n., E. atlantica Silveira and E. aureosericea Friese, which inhabit temperate semidesert and subtropical areas in southern South America (the two former ones) and tropical areas of southeastern Brazil (the two latter); and 3) the jenseni species-group, comprising E. snowi Cockerell, E. griswoldi sp.n., E. testaceinervis, E. dasypoda, E. eremalis sp.n., E. jenseni Friese and E. gualamba sp.n., which, except for the first two, inhabit temperate semidesertic areas of South America. E. snowi occurs from Panama to southern United States and E. griswoldi in xeric areas near the coasts of Venezuela and Colombia but also southward in Roraima state, in Brazil. Keywords: Wild bees, Exomalopsini, Neotropics, Taxonomy, Phylogeny.