Charge Injection Enhancement Comparisons of Iridium Oxide Microelectrodes In Vitro and In Vivo Using a Portable Neurostimulator

Abstract

Microelectrodes are desired to deliver more charges to neural tissues while under electrochemical safety limits. Applying anodic bias potential during neurostimulation is a known technique for charge enhancement. Here, we investigated the levels of charge enhancement with anodic bias potential in vitro and in vivo using a custom-designed portable neurostimulator. We immersed our custom microelectrode probe in saline and measured voltage transients in response to constant current stimulation with and without a 500 mV anodic bias potential. We then inserted the same microelectrode probe into the primary motor cortex of the rat brain and measured voltage transients with the same electronics. Results showed that the charge injection capacity of the activated iridium oxide microelectrode site (with 2000 µm2 geometric surface areas (GSAs)) increased by the use of the anodic bias potentials in both in vitro and in vivo: from 10 nC/phase to 32 nC/phase for 200 µs pulse widths, and from 2 nC/phase to 8 nC/phase, respectively. Thus, the order of charge injection capacities of the four cases tested in this study is as follows (from the lowest to the highest): in vivo without anodic bias, in vivo with anodic bias, in vitro without anodic bias, and in vitro with anodic bias. This work also validated in vivo use of our new portable neurostimulator which received stimulation waveforms wirelessly.